Oldest Online Casinos Servicing the Canadian Market
- Oldest Online Casinos Servicing the Canadian Market
- Diamond Tooth Gerties Gambling Hall - Canada's Oldest ...
- Gambling Laws in Canada - Overview of Laws by Province and ...
- JackpotCity Play at the Finest Online Casino in Canada!
- Canada’s oldest casino: Getaway 2019, Short Video
- Which Is The Oldest Casino In The World? Find Out!
- Online Casino Canada - Best Bonuses and Reviews Updated 2020
- Yukon Facts Travel Yukon - Yukon, Canada Official ...
canada oldest casino
canada oldest casino - win
Missing and Murdered Indigenous...Men? Why are there so many missing men and boys from the Yakama reservation? Part 2 of 2.
Missing and murdered indigenous people If you have spent any time reading about true crime, you probably know that American Indian/ Native American women go missing from the United States and Canada at alarming rates. On some reservations, women experience violence and are victims of homicide at 10x the rate of women in other communities.
But what about men and boys? Missing and murdered Indigenous boys and men are the forgotten group of this epidemic of violence on tribal land and many families are aching to see the cases of their missing/murdered male loved ones solved. Just like with the missing women, men and boys are going missing at an alarming rate on tribal land, but race is not the only factor. Men (and women) of all ethnicities who live on the Yakama reservation are missing and murdered at disturbing rates.
Missing and murdered indigenous people is a complex issue with prejudice and jurisdictional issues playing major roles. If you want to know more about the root of these issues, I suggest “Missing and Murdered” podcast by Indigenous Canadian journalist Connie Walker, who explains the issues much better than I ever could; that podcast is linked below.
Today, I want to highlight the stories of some of these men and boys, specifically those missing from the Yakama community. Because there are so many missing people who are practically unknown, I have decided to profile the cases of ALL the men and boys missing from the reservation, regardless of race.
This is a companion piece to another write up I completed about missing women and girls from the Yakama reservation. That write up can be found here. If some sections sound similar that is probably why.
https://www.reddit.com/UnresolvedMysteries/comments/htvnv6/extensive_write_up_on_missing_and_murdered/ Background Washington state is home to the fifth largest Indian reservation in the United States, the Yakama reservation, which is home to the Klickitat, Palus, Wallawalla, Wenatchi, Whishram, Wanapum, and Yakama people. According to the US Census Bureau, only the Osage, Puyallup (also in Washington state), Navajo, and Choctaw reservations are more populous. The Yakama reservation is located in South Central Washington state, just south of the city of Yakima. Of the 31,000 people who lived on the reservation, 11,000 are enrolled tribal members. Most people who live on the reservation claim Hispanic/Latino, white, or mixed-race descent, but Hispanic is by far the most common ethnic group. There are also small Filipino, Japanese, and Korean communities nearby. The Yakama reservation is located just south of the town of Yakima, Washington, a large farming community of 100,000 people. Apples, cherries, peaches, pears, grapes, and hops are all grown in the dry surrounding region. Harvest time brings thousands of migrant workers to the area, so the population is always in flux.
Outside of Yakima is the town of Union Gap (Pop. 8000), which is partially on the reservation, and partially off it. There are two other proper towns on reservation, Toppenish (pop. 8000) and Wapato (pop. 5000). Other small communities such as Satus, Harrah, White Swan, and Granger all boast several hundred residents each. All in all, the Yakama nation consists of 2,200 square miles of sprawling, rural land stretching from south central Washington nearly to the Oregon border. But from this unassuming patch of high desert and grassland, more than 30
Native women have gone missing/were murdered. If we add Native men to the equation, the number jumps to nearly 40 unsolved disappearances, deaths, and murders. If we add the deaths and disappearances of non-native people missing from the reservation, the number grows yet again.
Although the land is vast, the tribal population is small. From my estimates over .5% of native people on the reservation are missing or murdered. Like many tribal communities, unemployment and poverty is common, appropriate housing is scare, and according to the tribal council "disregard for the rule of law and general civil unrest" as well as gun violence and substance abuse is common. In 2019 a curfew was instated after a particularly bad shooting.
According to the Washington State Patrol, the Yakama nation has the highest percentage of missing people of any Native community in the state, even though they are not the most populous. The FBI created a task force in 2009 to investigate the possibility of serial killer among the Yakama, but the investigation determined that a serial killer was unlikely, but not impossible. This was because the causes of death were so different from victim to victim. The investigation did close 2 cases on the reservation after DNA on both women linked them to a man serving life in an Oregon prison, but the man is not believed to be responsible for any other crimes in the inquiry.
Whether a serial killer is loose on tribal land or not, this issue is complex and long standing and demonstrates how much substance abuse, domestic violence, accidents, and random crime affect the native communities in this county at 10x the rate of other communities. Some progress has been made such as state bill 2951 which allows Washington state authorities to track cases and help investigate and search for missing individuals on tribal land. Because tribal lands are usually under federal jurisdiction, state authorities previously were not able to help, despite being more familiar with the area than the FBI. This is only one small step in the right direction and although awareness is growing, the epidemic of missing and murdered indigenous people will not simply go away.
Many people have heard of this epidemic, but few know the names of the victims; today it is time to change that. Below are the profiles of
20 men and boys who are missing, murdered, or who have suffered mysterious deaths. For some of the individuals very little information is available. The list below is not necessarily complete. If you know of other unsolved cases let me know in the comments below.
Quick guide:
Yakima- large town near, but not on, the reservation
Yakama- the tribe and people group
NOTE: all cases organized most to least recent.
In order to be profiled the cases in this piece must have some connection to the Yakama Indian reservation. This could mean those who lived on the reservation, were last seen on the reservation, are believed to be missing within the confines of reservation, or are of Yakama heritage by birth. Hope that makes sense.
Missing Bernard Schieber, 86, of Yakima has not been seen since Aug. 8, 2019, when he left his home in the 2500 block of South 84th Avenue in Yakima. His black, full-size Chevrolet pickup was found a few weeks later in a closed portion of the Yakama Nation reservation. It appears to have been parked normally and not crashed or damaged. When he left his home in the city of Yakima, Bernard had only ¼ tank of gas and no money. He suffers from dementia. Bernard is described as a white male with blue eyes and gray hair. He weighs 190 lbs. and stands 5’ 11” tall. Anyone with any information about Schieber is asked to call the Yakima County Sheriff's Office at 509-574-2500. He is still missing.
Josiah “Jo” Michael Hilderbrand aged 25 and his friend 47-year-old
Jon Joseph Cleary left southern California in early June 2020 to travel to a Grateful Dead concert at The Gorge a venue in Washington state. Both men were traveling together in a light blue 2004 Honda Civic hybrid when they were last heard from on June 7th, 2019. On June 8th their abandoned burned out car was found 8 miles west of Toppenish in a deserted, rural area of the reservation. The FBI has stated they believe the men are dead but they are officially listed as missing.
Josiah Hilderbrand is described as white male, age 25, with light brown wavy hair and blue eyes. He is 5’8” and 165 lbs. He has a neck tattoo. Jon Cleary is a white male, 47 years old, and 6’3” in height weighing 230 lbs. He has brown/gray hair and beard and brown eyes. He usually wears a baseball cap.
Remains found August 5th, 2020 near Toppenish may belong to the men. The FBI is handling the case as the men were found on tribal land. The families are offering $35,000 for information that can solve the murders. Even if the remains are those of the “Dead Heads” the crimes of their deaths remain unsolved.
Strangely enough Hilderbrand and Cleary died on the same day that a mass shooting occurred in White Swan where two men, Donovan Quinn Carter Cloud and James Dean Cloud, killed five people. The shooters have been convicted in that crime and some have speculated that both crimes are related. This mass shooting was the crime that inspired that reservation-wide curfew to be put into effect.
Elias Chief Culps, 25, was last seen in White Swan on Dec. 27, 2018 and has not been heard from since. In 2015 Elias was a witness in a court case about unreasonable searches and seizures and whose jurisdiction should be involved when fugitives are found on tribal land- the outcome of that case is unknown. There is little information available about Elias’ disappearance. Those with information are asked to call the Yakama Nation Police Department at 509-865-2933, case number 19-009167. He is described as a Native American male, 5’6”-5’7” in height and 150-170 lbs. He has brown hair and eyes and a tattoo on his neck.
Jose Francisco Canales a 43-year-old father of 7 children was last heard from on July 7, 2018 in Harrah, Washington where he resided with his wife of nineteen years. He was last seen at La Guadalupana (a store in Harrah) on July 6, 2018 where he cashed his paycheck. The next day, July 7th, he called his boss to report that he would not be coming into work that day. This was the last time anyone saw or heard from Canales. He is described as a Hispanic male, 5’7” or 5’8” in height and 145 lbs. with brown hair and eyes. He has a scar on his left hand about 1” in length and a tattoo of a heart on his right arm/shoulder area. He was last seen wearing along-sleeved t-shirt (possibly green), blue jeans, brown sneakers and a blue baseball cap. He has a receding hairline and some gray hairs in his beard. Canales may be driving a gray 1994 Ford Ranger single cab pickup truck with the Washington license plate number B53351T. There may be a green 2018 Polaris 450HO four-wheeler in the bed of the truck; it has the vehicle identification number (VIN) 4XASEA509JA252860. Canales's case remains unsolved.
Rolando Gabriel "Gabby" Gutierrez, of Mabton has been missing since Sept. 16, 2017. The 44-year-old was the oldest of six siblings and was close to his family. When his family last heard from him, Gutierrez was in Puerto Peñasco, also known as Rocky Point, a Mexican fishing and resort city on the Gulf of California. He was staying in the area and had weekly phone contact with his family. Gabby was planning to come home for his niece’s birthday in October, but he never made it. One of his sisters worried that Gabby was “wrapped up” in the drug trade. In November 2019, forensic scientists in the Mexican state of Sonora announced that they had recovered 52 bodies and skeletons from a mass grave near Puerto Peñasco. Gabby’s family told an Associated Press reporter that they thought there might be a chance his body was among them, but this is not known for certain. Rolando “Gabby” Gutierrez is described as either a Hispanic or a mixed race (Caucasian/ Hispanic) male who is 5’10” in height and weights 180-260 lbs. He has black hair and brown eyes but he shaves his head. He also has a zodiac cancer symbol tattooed on his arm and has pierced nipples. There is currently a go fund me for Gabby’s family so one of his siblings can travel to Mexico to give their DNA for comparison. Mexican authorities are investigating this case.
Kristopher Fowler, 34, was last seen Oct. 12, 2016. Fowler, affectionately known as "Sherpa" and “Kris” was hiking the Pacific Crest Trail and had started at the border with Mexico with a goal of completing the 2,800-mile trek to the Canadian border. He was last seen in the White Pass area only a few hundred miles from his destination. Kris was last seen at a convenience store in very rural Yakima county. Kris is described as a white male, 6’2” and 165 lbs. He has blonde hair and beard and blue eyes. He is believed to be lost in the wilderness. His step mother still hopes the body can be recovered some day. Those with information should call the Yakima County Sheriff’s Office at 509-574-2500.
Joseph Eric Miranda Jr., 24, has been missing from Granger since May 26, 2016. Reports say Joseph went to his bedroom on May 26, 2016 around 10:30 pm after talking with his father. His mother went to check on him in the morning but he was nowhere to be found. She last saw him late on the evening of May 25, 2016 and initially thought he had gone on a walk never returned. It is unclear if Miranda and his wife also lived at the house with his parents or if he was only staying there. According to one source, Miranda left his wife a note that said he “wouldn’t be seeing her for a while.” Miranda had a bank card and a cellphone with him when he disappeared, but because the cellphone was a government issued phone (a burner phone maybe?) it cannot be pinged. His bank card was last used on May 25th to buy a soda at a gas station and it has never been used again. He left his keys and his car at his parent’s home. There has been some activity on Miranda’s social security card but it is unknown if the user is Miranda or an identity thief. Joseph’s favorite movie is a 2014 film called Wild, about a girl who hikes through the wilderness of the Pacific Crest trail. His family worries he embarked on a similar journey and either got lost of met with foul play. They ask that if Joseph is out there to please contact them so that they know he is alive and well.
Joseph is described as a Hispanic male, 5’7” or 5”8 and 180-195 lbs. He has black hair and brown eyes. Miranda had long hair and a beard at the time of his disappearance and usually wore his hair long but occasionally cut it very short. He wears prescription eyeglasses with silver frames. He has a strawberry birthmark on his chest and a small mole on his upper lip. When last seen he was wearing multi colored swim trunks, a green long-sleeved shirt and superman flip flops. He often wears flip flops, his Rx glasses, and bandanas or hats on his head. If you have seen Miranda or have information please called the Granger PD at 509-854-2656.
Chad Nathan Stotz-Gomez, 36 of Union Gap, drifted between homeless camps at the time of his disappearance, but talked to his mother and other family members regularly. He was last seen on July 10th 2015. He has not been seen or heard from since. Some believe that this case is connected to the case of Cody Turner (details below). The same day Stotz-Gomez disappeared, there was shooting at a homeless camp between Yakima and Selah, Washington. The victim, a 36-year-old woman, was injured but the victim has not cooperated with law enforcement and no arrests have been made. Police found Stotz-Gomez's DNA at the shooting scene. Some have speculated that the shooting is connected to the November 2015 murder of Norma Emmerson, who was shot in the head outside East Selah, Washington. Some reports say Norma had information about a homicide committed by her ex-boyfriend, Raven Cutler. Cutler ultimately pleaded guilty to second-degree murder and was sentenced to 30 years in prison. Cutler told Cody Turner's mother he'd seen Cody Turner (case below) and Stotz-Gomez together in downtown Yakima, but his information has not been verified. Other witnesses believe that the two men, Turner and Stotz-Gomez, knew each other casually and believe that their disappearances must be related.
In the past Stotz-Gomez has lived in New York and Montana and he may have traveled there. At the time of his disappearance, was required to check in weekly with the police. Stotz-Gomez is described as a Hispanic or mixed-race Hispanic/Caucasian male, 5’9” and 180-190 lbs. He has black hair and brown eyes and usually wears a beard. He has the following tattoos: barbed wire on his upper left arm, a skull with wings on his right arm, the letters "SUR" on one hand, the number 13 on the other hand, and a small cholo face on his chest. If you have any information please contact the Yakima County Sheriff's Office 509-574-2550.
Cody Turner, 24, was last seen July 26, 2015, in Yakima leaving the home he shared with his father and grandparents. Cody had been gone that day with his dog Ariel but arrived at the home in the evening where he ate, showered, and picked up some cigarettes before leaving the house again. He had his cellphone on him but since July 28th, 2015 the phone has gone straight to voicemail. According to some sources Cody was homeless at the time of his disappearance but according to others he lived at his grandparent’s house with his father. Cody has a history of meth usage and his family believes he was using at the time of his disappearance. Despite his drug use, Cody’s family said he usually returned home every evening and talked to his family daily. He does not have a history of dropping out of sight or being out of touch with his family.
Cody is described as a white male 5'5 - 5'7, 150 - 170 pounds. He has sandy colored hair and green eyes. He keeps his hair very short and tidy. He sometimes wears facial hair (a goatee and mustache) which he keeps short. Turner's nickname is Cooter. He has two scars, one on his left wrist and one on his abdomen. His ears and tongue are pierced, but he had stopped wearing his earrings and tongue ring prior to his disappearance. Turner has the following tattoos: the name "Natilie" with flames and barbed wire on his right bicep, three skulls with swords going through them on his left bicep, and a tribal stamp on the inside of his upper left arm. Turner has previously fractured his left foot and he smokes cigarettes. His case may be connected to Chad- Stotz Gomez’s case which is why it is included in this piece, even though he has no connection to the reservation.
Justin Lee McConville has been missing from Toppenish since sometime in January 2015. He was 24 years old at the time and was last seen on the Yakama reservation, but often travels to Oregon and fishes along the Columbia River. Some sources say he is nomadic and had no permanent address but others say he lives in Toppenish. Justin is described as a Native American male with long brown hair which he wears in a pony tail and brown eyes. McConville has a half-sleeve tattoo of a Native American man, Chief Joseph, on his upper right arm. He also has a tattoo of a tribal fishing design on his left arm and a tattoo of a Native American design on his back. He is 6’0”-6’2” and weights 165 lbs. Yakama Tribal Police are investigating. They can be reached at 509-865-2933.
Anthony “Tony” Peters, also known as Anthony Colfax Peters, 56, was last seen in October 2014 at Legends Casino in Toppenish. According to his sister, Peters was homeless at the time, living with relatives or friends or elsewhere when necessary, but he regularly talked to his family and friends. According to his sister, Alfrieda, Tony like many homeless individuals had a complicated life. His temper sometimes got him into trouble, but eventually he always came around. His sister remembers him as a natural born artist who did powwow dancing, beadwork, and drawing for fun. He was also a good singer. In the past, he has been known to travel to other nearby reservations such as the Umatilla or Warm Springs. He has also been known to travel to Seattle. He would drop out of sight from time to time, but never for more than a few weeks.
Tony is described as a Native American male with black hair and brown eyes. Peter’s nickname is Tony, and he may use the name Anthony Colfax Peters. He has an overlapped front tooth and one front tooth is missing. He is 5’6” and his weight fluctuates regularly. His missing person case remains open with the Yakama Nation Police Department, number 15-006132.
Roland Elton Woodall Sconawah a Yakama by birth was last seen in either Lyle or Dallesport Washington in November, 2013. Both communities lie on the Columbia river in Klickitat county in what was once the land of the Yakama people. Tribal members have fishing rights in the area even though it is not technically on the reservation. This is where Roland was last seen. The 23-year-old was somewhat transient. He went missing under unclear circumstances. Roland is described as a Native American male with brown eyes and black hair. He stands at 5'6 - 5'8, and weighs 140 - 160 pounds. He is sometimes referred to as Roland Sconawah Sam. Klickitat county sheriff’s office 509-773-4545, is investigating.
Ira Kennedy Yallup Sr. was last seen at the Lone Pine fishing site near The Dalles, OR. in May 2010. His family has offered a $1,000 reward for information about his whereabouts. He is a Native male in his 50s with black hair. No other vital statistics are available and he does not even have a Charley Project page. Yakama tribal police are investigating.
Francisco Javier Mendoza was 27 years old when he was last seen in the early morning hours of June 8th 1994 leaving a 7-11 convenience store in Toppenish. Francisco was with two friends at the time. Later that morning, the three friends were outside of Toppenish when their car broke down. Francisco apparently went walking in the direction of town in order to get help and vanished into the night. He has never been seen again. Few details are available and his friends’ story is considered suspicious. Francisco is described as a Hispanic male, 5’5” in height weighing 160 lbs. He has black hair and brown eyes. Mendoza may have a mustache, beard or a goatee. Some agencies may spell his first name "Franciso." He was wearing a white tank top, shorts and sneakers when he was last seen. Toppenish police are investigating, 509-865-4355.
Lawrence Jay "Larry" Riegel, 57 of Yakima worked as a carpenter and contract pilot before breaking four vertebrae, and injury that left him disabled. Right before going missing Larry had a surgery on his neck and some sources claim he was in a neck brace. Unable to work, Riegel was collecting disability. The last contact anyone had with Larry took place on Christmas day, 2009. He contacted several relatives and friends including a call to his mother to thank her for some clothes she bought him for the holiday. He was supposed to join his family in Yakima for a belated Christmas dinner on Dec. 26, 2009, but he never showed up or called. Riegel’s family described him as a “chatty Cathy” who talked to just about anyone and had daily phone contact with his friends and family. Riegel’s last phone call took place at approximately 5:30 pm on Christmas day. It is believed that the call was made to Riegel’s tenants who rented a farm from him in Union Gap, a town on the reservation. His tenants owed him $3000 in back rent.
Riegel lived with his girlfriend, Ladena Mann before he went missing. Mann claimed that the couple argued on Christmas day and Riegel left the home presumably to go see his tenants. She also claimed that Riegel assaulted her either on Christmas day or on January 4th before disappearing. When Mann tried to report this assault weeks later, she was unable because she had no injuries or proof of violence. Mann used Riegel’s money and EBT card after he disappeared as well as applied for her own EBT card claiming she still lived with Larry. Mann was charged with welfare fraud and perjury, but charges were dropped when she paid back the money and entered a diversion program. In one media interview she claimed that Larry is still alive and that he has “contacted several people” since going missing. She thinks Larry is residing in Idaho or Montana and has accused his family of knowing where he is. Ladena Mann is a person of interest in Larry’s disappearance as are his tenants, the last known people to have spoken to him. Riegel’s family is offering a $25,000 for information in the homicide investigation that leads to his remains. They have billboards all over the Yakima valley asking for information. Larry’s mother, aged 90, still drives around rural areas searching for his body.
Riegel is described as a white male with gray hair, a gray mustache, and hazel eyes. He is 6’2” and weights 200 lbs. He has surgical scars on his left knee and a prominent vertical scar on his neck from recent surgery to fix four broken vertebrae. He often wears eyeglasses and he has a limp in his left leg. He is also an alcoholic who frequented neighborhood bars. Yakima Police Department Yakima Police Department (509-576-6573) is investigating.
Donnie Sampson, 71, a well-known religious leader, had been serving for eight years on the Tribal Council’s Code of Ethics Committee when he disappeared in the fall of 1994 while hunting elk about 45 miles west of White Swan, near Mt. Adams. Donnie had a heart problem and had been prescribed nitroglycerin as a result. Right before his disappearance, he told his daughter that he (and the ethics committee) “was getting into something that’s going to make everybody mad.” He even went so far to tell her that he would be “making enemies” and that she and the community would hear about his findings soon enough. He had been investigating rumors of corruption in the tribal council and the housing authority before he went missing, but other committee members refused to elaborate on the matter.
Donnie’s truck was found Oct. 30, 1994, in the foothills of Mount Adams by volunteer searchers, but searchers found no trace of Sampson. His nitroglycerin, lunch, clothing and three rifles were found in his truck. A fourth rifle he left home with disappeared with him. Donnie’s children say tribal police has done little to investigate the disappearance, which they believe is a result of foul play. For example, his children were never interviewed and his truck was found by volunteers, not official search and rescue. Tribal authorities believe that the elderly Sampson simply got lost while hunting. There are no photos or description of Donnie Sampson available. He does not even have a Charley Project page. Tribal police are investigating.
Roland Jack Spencer III disappeared in late May 1984. He was 3 years old when last seen in the area of Knight Lane and Campbell Road in Wapato, although some sources say he was last seen in Toppenish. Roland is presumed to have been abducted by a non-family member, when he was in the yard. Curiously, Roland’s mother died under suspicious circumstances several years earlier (her case is featured in my previous write up). After her death Roland moved in with his great-aunt. Roland is described as a 3-year-old Native American male, with black hair and brown eyes. Roland has a scar on his abdomen. His nickname is Do-Boy and he may go by his middle name, Jack. Roland has some severe medical issues and disabilities. One website explains that Roland experienced brain damage in the womb which lead to his medical issues. Despite his hardships, he was a happy child who loved playing with cars. He is classified as mentally disabled, hard of hearing, and suffers from epilepsy. He takes medication to control his condition and may fall into a coma without it. He can only walk a few steps at a time and has very limited vocabulary and speaking skills. He was last seen wearing corduroy pants, a long sleeved red and white shirt, and tan boots. His was declared legally dead in 2000. Yakama tribal police are investigating,
(509) 865-2933. Murdered Darryl Keith Celestine of Zillah, was murdered Sept. 25, 1988, in Wapato. He was found strangled outside his home. Darryl, a Yakama, was only 22 years old at the time. His murder is unsolved. Very little information is available.
What happened to these men? Why are so many people missing from such a sparsely populated area?
Sources These sources are a good place to start.
https://www.yakimaherald.com/news/local/loved-ones-of-missing-and-murdered-men-and-boys-also-wait-for-answers/article_99d6a596-befe-5860-aa5d-a8fef822725f.html https://www.yakimaherald.com/news/lower_valley/one-year-later-white-swan-quintuple-homicide-suspects-awaiting-trial-law-enforcement-targeting-crime-in/article_4ed98a29-a273-573c-8af1-031fdec6d248.html https://www.yakimaherald.com/news/local/they-need-closure-families-of-men-who-went-missing-in-yakima-county-ask-for-publics/article_11358e29-b133-5458-9f13-acf4face7abe.html The Charley Project and NAMUS
If you are interested in this issue as a whole, I suggest this podcast by Canadian journalist Connie Walker who explains and dives deeply into the issues discussed in the piece. You can listen to the podcast Missing and Murdered here:
https://www.cbc.ca/radio/findingcleo/missing-murdered-who-killed-alberta-williams-1.4556030#:~:text=Sparked%20by%20a%20chilling%20tip,in%20British%20Columbia%20in%201989. If you are interested in the cases of other missing Native Americans, my write ups on the Teekah Lewis and Bryce Herda cases can be found here on my reddit profile.
https://www.reddit.com/useQuirky-Motor submitted by Quirky-Motor to UnresolvedMysteries [link] [comments]
EXTENSIVE write up on Missing and Murdered Indigenous women- Is there a serial killer on the Yakama Reservation?
Missing and Murdered Indigenous women If you have spent any time reading about true crime, you probably know that American Indian/ Native American women go missing from the United States and Canada at alarming rates. On some reservations, women experience violence and are victims of homicide at 10x the rate of women in other communities. It is a complex issue with prejudice and jurisdictional issues playing major roles. If you want to know more about the
root of these issues, I suggest Missing and Murdered” podcast by Indigenous Canadian journalist Connie Walker, who explains the issues much better than I ever could; that podcast is linked below. Today, I want to highlight the stories of some of these women, specifically those missing from the Yakama community.
Background Washington state is home to the fifth largest Indian reservation in the United States, the Yakama reservation, which is home to the Klickitat, Palus, Wallawalla, Wenatchi, Whishram, Wanapum, and Yakama people. According to the US Census Bureau, only the Osage, Puyallup (also in Washington state), Navajo, and Choctaw reservations are more populous. The Yakama reservation is located in South Central Washington state, just south of the city of Yakima. Of the 31,000 people who live on the reservation, 11,000 are enrolled tribal members. Most people who live on the reservation claim Hispanic/Latino, white, or mixed-race ancestry, but Hispanic is by far the most common ethnic group. There are also small Filipino, Japanese, and Korean communities nearby. The Yakama reservation is located just south of the town of Yakima, Washington, a large farming community of 100,000 people. Apples, cherries, peaches, pears, and hops are all grown in the dry surrounding region. Harvest time brings thousands of migrant workers to the area, so the population is always in flux.
Outside of Yakima is the town of Union Gap (Pop. 8000), which is partially on the reservation, and partially off it. There are two other proper towns on reservation, Toppenish (pop. 8000) and Wapato (pop. 5000). Other small communities such as Satus, Harrah, White Swan, and Granger all boast several hundred residents each. All in all, the Yakama nation consists of 2,200 square miles of sprawling, rural land stretching from south central Washington nearly to the Oregon border. But from this unassuming patch of high desert and grassland, more than 30
Native women have gone missing/were murdered. If we add Native men to the equation, the number jumps to nearly 50 unsolved disappearances, deaths, and murders. If we add the deaths and disappearances of non-native people missing from the reservation, the number grows yet again. Although the land is vast, the tribal population is small. From my estimates over .5% of native people on the reservation are missing or murdered. Like many tribal communities, unemployment and poverty is common, appropriate housing is scare, and according to the tribal council "disregard for the rule of law and general civil unrest" as well as gun violence and substance abuse is common. In 2019 a youth curfew was instated after a particularly bad shooting.
According to the Washington State Patrol, the Yakama nation has the highest percentage of missing people of any Native community in the state, even though they are not the most populous. The FBI created a task force in 2009 to investigate the possibility of serial killer among the Yakama, but the investigation determined that a serial killer was unlikely, but not impossible. This was because the causes of death were so different from victim to victim. The investigation did close two cases on the reservation after DNA on both women linked them to a man serving life in an Oregon prison, but the man is not believed to be responsible for any other crimes in the inquiry. Whether a serial killer is loose on tribal land or not, this issue is complex and long standing and demonstrates how much substance abuse, domestic violence, and random crime affect the Native communities in this county at 10x the rate of other communities. Some progress has been made such as state bill 2951 which allows Washington state authorities to track cases and help investigate and search for missing individuals on tribal land. Because tribal lands are usually under federal jurisdiction, state authorities are not able to help, despite being more familiar with the area than the FBI. This is only one small step in the right direction and although awareness is growing, the epidemic of missing and murdered indigenous people will not simply go away. The mystery of vanishing people still stands.
Many people have heard of this epidemic, but few know the names of the victims; today it is time to change that. Below are the profiles of 35 women who are missing, murdered, or who have suffered mysterious deaths. For some of the women very little information is available. The list below is not necessarily complete. If you know of other unsolved cases let me know in the comments below.
Quick guide:
Yakima- large town near, but not on, the reservation
Yakama- the tribe and people group
NOTE: all cases organized most to least recent and are broken down into missing, murdered, and mysterious categories
Missing Tiana Cloud went missing from Yakima on April 7th, 2018. She was 17 years old at the time. She may be in local area, and she may have been located. She is a Native female, 5'4 ft, 162 lbs., brown eyes and brown hair. She has large dimples. Tiana was last seen Yakima WA. Very little information is available. Yakima police are investigating.
Freda Knowsgun or Knowshisgun has been missing since October 18th, 2016. Freda was from Montana and was registered with the Crow Agency. In the months before her disappearance her family reported that she was acting strangely and began drifting around the Northwest and spending time in southern Washington state. Freda was still close to her aunt and talked to her children sometimes, but was distancing herself from the rest of her family. Freda was last known to be at a customer service desk at a Walmart in Kennewick, Washington. Freda used her cell phone to call a friend to ask for money. She wanted to travel back home to Montana to spend Halloween with her children. Freda’s friend sent her the money but the money was never picked up. When she called Freda 15 minutes later, Freda’s cell phone was disconnected and no one has heard from her since. She did not return to Montana for Halloween or for her aunt’s funeral in November and she was reported missing. Freda’s family believes that she was abusing drugs at the time of her disappearance and they believe that Freda’s new friends in the drug scene may be involved with her disappearance. Law enforcement has reported that Freda’s new friends have not cooperated with the investigation into her disappearance. Freda may have been seen in Billings, Montana in December 2016 and she may be traveling with a black male named Mike. Freda is reported to be a 34-year-old Native American female with dark brown hair that is waist length which she wears in a ponytail or high bun. She has brown eyes, a scar on her right elbow, weights 160 lbs. and stands 5’5” in height. She has the following tattoos: the names "Lyrical", "Trinity" and "Mason" on her back between her shoulder blades, the cartoon character Mickey Mouse with a basketball on her right calf, and a flower on her right shoulder. She may use the last name "KnowsHisGun" and many accounts refer to her by that name. Her case is being investigated by Crow Agency Bureau of Indian Affairs.
Rosalita Faye Longee disappeared from her grandmother’s home in Wapato, Washington on June 30th, 2015 at 10 pm. Rosalita who went by Rose was 18 years old at the time. She is an enrolled member of the Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes in Montana but had lived with her grandmother on the Yakama reservation since age 2. Rose visited her grandmother on the night of June 30th asking to stay with her but her grandmother refused as Rose was high on drugs at the time, and she had a rule that Rose could only live there when she wasn’t using. Rose may have been with friends at the time. Rose had struggled with addiction for years and had been in and out of rehab centers since age 16. This was the last time Rose was ever seen alive. Rosalita is described as a Native American female, 5’6”- 5’8” in height and about 130-140 lbs. She has black hair, brown eyes, pierced ears and lip, and scars on both wrists and both her chest. At the time of her disappearance she enjoyed taking photos and posting them on her Facebook page. Yakama Nation tribal police are investigating.
Roberta Jean Raines, 19 was last seen in Toppenish on July 10th, 2001. Roberta was with a man named Jose Merced Zamora at that time. In 2002, this man killed a teenage boy and fled the county going to Mexico. Roberta was apparently with him at the time. It was around this time that Roberta’s family realized they had not seen her in a while and they reported her missing. Jose was arrested in 2007 in Idaho and taken it custody for the murder of the boy. Jose Merced Zamora told the authorities that the last time he saw Roberta she was in Mexico and that they parted ways. Authorities do not believe this story. Roberta is described as Native American female, 5’2”-5’3” in height and 120 lbs. She has very arched eyebrows. Toppenish Police are investigating.
Karen Louise Johnley, sometimes referred to as Karen Johnley-Wallahee, was reported missing November 7th or 8th, 1987 by her cousin. She was last seen by a friend at the Lazy R Tavern in Harrah on the Yakama reservation. Karen’s cousin describes Karen as a 29-year-old female, five feet tall and 100 lbs. She was last seen wearing pink barrettes in her hair, a pink tee shirt, a Levi’s brand denim jacket, and white tennis shoes. She had long black hair and brown eyes. Her cousin expressed worried about the person Karen was last seen with. No pictures are available of Karen and she does not even have a Charley Project page. Tribal police are investigating. She remains a missing person.
Daisy Mae Tallman or
Daisy Mae Heath age 29, was reported missing on October 29th, 1987. When her family was questioned it came to light that no one had seen Daisy since the end of August, 1987. Daisy’s sister remembers her as very independent, often leaving the reservation to visit friends and family on a different reservation in Warm Springs, Oregon, or leaving the area to go fishing. Daisy was a high school basketball player and was the youngest of 6 sisters who were all raised by their maternal grandparents. At the time of her disappearance, Daisy was staying with relatives in either Toppenish or White Swan. A year after she disappeared a set of keys and a backpack believed to be Tallman’s/Heath’s were found in a closed area of a reservation called Soda Springs. 7 years after her disappearance she was declared legally dead. One source mentions that one of Daisy’s sisters was murdered before her disappearance but I could find no corroborating source. Daisy is described as a Native American female aged 29 with black hair that extended down her back and brown eyes. She was 5’5’ and weighted 185 lbs. She also has given birth in the past. No pictures are available of Daisy and she does not even have a Charley Project page. The FBI is investigating. She remains a missing person.
Janice Marie Hannigan a sophomore at White Swan high school was the oldest of 7 children. In 1971 Janice’s parents had recently separated and Janice was living with her father in Harrah, Washington but visited her mother and younger siblings often. Janice was nominated to be Queen of the Veteran’s day parade in November 1971 and the newspaper even ran an article about her and the other nominated girls. According to her interview in the paper, Janice enjoyed beadwork, cooking, and watching football. A few weeks later on December 21st Janice was admitted to the hospital for the treatment of contusions on her head and torso. On December 24th she was released from the hospital in stable condition. The cause of Janice’s injuries, as well as the location she was treated at is unknown. Janice never made it home from the hospital; this was the last time anyone ever saw Janice alive.
Strangely, this was not the first time Janice had been reported missing. Janice may have been reported missing in February or March of 1971, although she was determined to be visiting relatives in Idaho with her father at that time. Because of this some agencies report that Janice went missing March 1st 1971 but that is not accurate.
Some agencies report that Janice is a possible runaway as she was upset about her parent’s separation, although Janice had never runaway before. One Law Enforcement office reports that Janice’s father is a person of interest in her case, but Janice’s sister Traci Clark denies this notion and says it is “not possible.” Traci was only 8 years old the last time she saw Janice, but she still looks for her big sister any chance she gets.
Murdered Angela Marie Heath of Toppenish, aged 41 died on April 5th, 2019. Her death is an unsolved hit and run. Very little information is available. Washington state patrol is investigating. She may (key word may) be related to Daisy Tallman-Health located above.
Rosenda Strong a member of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation in Oregon, was last seen on October 2nd, 2018 climbing into an acquaintance’s car, reportedly an older Nissan, heading to Legends Casino in Toppenish. Legends is an alcohol-free resort and Casino on the reservation popular with locals and tourists alike. Rosenda never returned from the Casino and sadly her body was found in a discarded refrigerator nine months after she was last seen in July 2019. Her death was ruled a homicide but no other details have been released. Rosenda’s sister said that at first tribal police did not take the disappearance seriously as Rosenda had past problems with drugs and they believed she would come home soon. Rosenda’s sister, Cissy Reyes nee Strong, believes that the murderers are the fellow tribespeople Rosenda was last with and complains that she still sees them “walking the reservation free” and refusing to talk. Cissy remembers her sister for her big, loud laugh and she hopes that someday Rosenda will get justice. The FBI is investigating.
Jedidah Moreno was last seen alive in September, 2018 by her family in the city of Yakima, which is not on tribal land. The 30-year-old was reported missing in late November 2018. Her body was found in early December and she had been dead at least a few days. She had died from a gunshot wound in a rural part of the reservation that was closed to non-tribal members. One report (a blog) claims that Jedidah was a member of the Yakama nation but no other sources state this, so take this information with a grain of salt. Her case remains unsolved. City of Yakima police and the FBI are investigating. Little information is available.
Linda Dave 39 of White Swan, was last seen alive in late 2016 or early 2017. On February 15th 2017, a woman was found dead under a bridge in Toppenish. It was determined that the woman died from a gunshot wound to the stomach and had been dead approximately six weeks. The woman was identified via DNA as Linda Dave. Linda was a mother and grandmother who enjoyed spending time with family, cooking, and dancing. She is the niece of Janice Hannigan, the first woman detailed in this piece. One local funeral home called Heggie’s has a website where people can share condolences to the family or stories about the deceased. In a cruel twist of fate one of the messages on Linda’s page is from murder victim Rosenda Strong. The FBI is investigating Dave’s case.
Minnie Andy was a 31-year-old Yakama woman who enjoyed fishing and swimming. Minnie was found beaten and close to death near 70 Egan Road in Wapato, Washington on July 9th, 2017. She had been badly assaulted earlier that morning and she tragically succumbed to her injuries at Astria Regional Medical Center in Yakima several hours later. Her cause of death was blunt force trauma. Christopher Lagmay was indicted for her murder shortly thereafter but he would be released from jail in 2019 without prejudice, meaning if new evidence arises, he could be re-tried. Her murder is still unsolved.
Destiny Lloyd, aged 23 disappeared on Christmas day 2017 from her home in Wapato. Her body was found in Harrah, Washington four days later. Initially, it looked like Destiny had died after slipping and falling on the concrete, causing a head wound but a full autopsy would reveal that her death was a homicide and that she died from blunt force trauma. Destiny worked at Legends Casino as a childcare worker. Her co workers remember her fondly and hope her case will be solved. The FBI is investigating.
Naoma George mother of six from Wapato, Washington was found dead in 2013 from trauma to her abdomen. Her death was ruled a homicide. Naoma was a traditional Yakama who did bead work and gathered traditional plants to keep the Yakama culture alive. Naoma was laid to rest in a traditional ceremony at the Longhouse surrounded by friends and family. Her case is unsolved and little information is available. Yakama Nation tribal police and the FBI are investigating.
Barbara Celestine aged 44 was a tribal member who lived in Wapato, Washington. She was found dead of blunt force trauma outside a housing project in town in 2013. Her death was ruled a homicide. The Yakama Nation police and the FBI are investigating the murder. Very little information is available.
Skeletal remains found in late 2008 in a remote part of the Yakama Reservation are believed to be those of a murder victim. The Doe was unknown until the FBI Seattle office mentioned the remains in early May 2009,
when announcing the results of the FBI's approximately two-year-long analysis of reservation deaths which was spurred on by a March 2006 meeting with then-United States Attorney General Alberto Gonzales. Until that point the fact that a doe was found was not public knowledge. The bones were found in a remote area near the backpack of missing person Daisy Mae Heath (Tallman). In early May 2009, Special Agents were awaiting mitochondrial DNA test results on those remains, which they said then might be those of Daisy Mae Tallman/Heath. The tests were inconclusive and there was insufficient evidence to conclude that the bones belonged to Daisy. The FBI has not released further information on the remains. This Jane Doe is on no public databases (NAMUS, Doe Project) as far as I can tell. The FBI is investigating.
The triple homicide of Charmaine Sanchey, 47, Toni Marie Green, 43, and Steve Alvarado, 52 is still unsolved. Their beaten and stabbed bodies were found in a small trailer outside Toppenish on Jan. 16, 2003 by their landlord who came over to collect their rent check. He found the women dead in the bedroom and Steve dead in the main living area. The trailer was on the reservation but it is unclear which victims (if any) were tribal members. Authorities say that they have few leads and few suspects. Later, Charmaine Sanchey’s brother, Arthur Joseph Sanchey, was the primary suspect, but was acquitted of charges in July 2004. The brutal triple homicide is still a mystery.
Sandra Lee Smiscon did not die on the reservation but I believe her case deserves a spot in this piece. In the year 2003, Sandra was a 45-year-old mother of 3 children who split her time between Wapato and Seattle. After high school, Sandra got a job in a nursing home and mothered three children. After her personal relationships fell apart Sandra became lost and her children were placed in the custody of their fathers and other family members. She often traveled to Seattle and did odd jobs but was basically drifting around. According to her brother Walter, Sandra was a “party animal” who loved having a good time but sometimes let the drinking get the better of her. Despite her flaws he remembers his sister as a somewhat shy individual with a huge, bright smile who taught her younger daughter the art of traditional dance. Sandra traveled home regularly for family events and holidays but never stayed for long.
One day Sandra and her companions were sleeping near 4th and Yesler streets in Seattle when a man, angered by nearby fireworks shot into the homeless camp aimlessly, injuring a few people and killing Sandra. Her 2003 murder is still unsolved. Sandra’s name is part of the Fallen Leaves memorial, a place of remembrance for deceased homeless individuals as a way to give them dignity and a place to be remembered. Her case is still unsolved. The suspect is described as young man in his 20-30s with a dark complexion but of unknown race. Seattle police department is investigating.
Shari Dee Sampson Elwell age 30, had not been seen for weeks when her battered and sexually mutilated body was found in a remote area by hunters near White Swan. Her body was found during February 1992 in the middle of a blizzard. She had been beaten, mutilated, and strangled. Little has been done to solve her case and very little information is available.
Skeletal unidentified Native woman believed to be in her late 20s or early 30s were found on Feb. 16, 1988, near Parker Dam in Union Gap. Her cause of death has not been determined but her case has been ruled a homicide. She had been dead from 2-10 months. She is described as a Native female, 25-40 years old with dark brown hair that had been bleached light brown in the front. She was wearing lavender colored pants, a long sleeve shirt with a Mexican label, and brown bowling shoes, one with a black sole and one with a white sole. She was slight and short 4’11” to 5’1”. She is not Daisy Tallman/Heath or Karen Johnley. Despite her heritage she is NOT believed to be Yakama; she may be from Mexico and perhaps a migrant worker as her clothing had Mexican labels.
JoAnne Betty (Wyman) John the 44-year-old mother of eleven children, was reported missing on August 1st, 1988. A partial skeleton was a discovered in February 1991 which was determined to be John’s. Her cause of death was ruled “homicidal violence.” Little information is available in her case. The FBI are investigating.
Rozelia Lou (Tulee) Sohappy, 31, of Brownstown was last seen alive New Year’s Eve of 1988. Her partially clothed body was found March 13, 1989, in a remote ravine along the south slope of Ahtanum Ridge north of Brownstown. She was identified through dental records, and an autopsy concluded she had been strangled. Very little information is available.
Jenece Marie Wilson was 20 years old in August 1987. The young woman who lived in Toppenish, when to a party one night and then left the next morning to hitch hike to her boyfriend’s place in Sunnyside, Washington but she never made it. On August 9th a farmer found the body of a woman in his orchard which was so severely beaten it was hard to establish her identity. Dental records confirmed that the body belonged to Jenece and she had died from a blow to the head. In 2009, twenty-two years later DNA evidence was run through the system and there was a hit. The DNA matched an Oregon convict, Samuel Posada. Samuel had attended the same high school as Jenece but the two did not appear to know each other. He was arrested and charged with murder and rape. Strangely, Posada waived his right to jury trial but was acquitted of all charges by the judge in his 2011 trial. Jenece’s case has been cold ever since.
Babette Crystall Greene was 26 years old and lived in the town of Toppenish but was last seen in Yakima, Washington in October 1986. A member of the Warm Springs tribe in Oregon, her skeletal remains were found during the summer of 1987 off North Track Road near Wapato, Washington. Her cause of death is listed as “homicidal violence.” Very little information is available.
Clydell Alice Sampson age 25 of Klickitat had not been seen alive since sometime in 1984 when her skeleton was found by hunters near Hambre Butte, south of Granger, Washington in December, 1986. Her death was ruled a homicide and she died from a gunshot wound. Very little information is available; there are no pictures available of Clydell.
Mavis Josephine McKay was a member of the Confederated tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation in Oregon. She was 33 years old when she was found murdered in an irrigation ditch on August 13th, 1957 in Satus, a very isolated area of the reservation. Because her case is so old, very little information is available.
Mysterious deaths Echo Kay Littlewolf was 31 years old when she was last seen alive. Echo is described as a tomboy who loved camping, animals, and being outside. Echo was homeless at the time of her disappearance and lived in a tent on the reservation but contacted relatives often, at least twice a week. She would pop into her parents’ or grandparents’ house to shower and do odd jobs for money for friends and relatives but always returned to her nomadic lifestyle. On August 15th, 2017 Littlewolf’s grandmother had not heard from her in a week and contacted Echo’s mother, Jeanette Osborne, who drove to her daughter’s campsite. As soon as she smelled decomposition, she called tribal authorities who found the body of Echo Kay Littlewolf. Her body was badly degraded due to the hot weather. Her death was ruled “natural causes” and Echo was cremated. Jeanette believes little investigation was done because Echo had used drugs in the past. According to Jeanette, her daughter’s body looked like she had been standing and then fell over after being hit with an object, nevertheless an autopsy was never ordered by authorities. Echo’s family now wishes she was buried and an autopsy could have been performed. Her suspicious death has never been solved.
Angela Babette Billy, 41, of Pendleton, Oregon was an enrolled member of the Yakama Nation. She also is known as Angela Shippentower and Babette Shippentower. According to the one article I could find Angela who went by “Babette” was a victim of domestic violence. Right before she went missing Babette confided to family members that her boyfriend was abusing her. Right after that her boyfriend left her to be with a woman he had been seeing on the side. Babette’s body was found in late May 2013 in the Umatilla River near Mission, Oregon. She had been missing for over a week. She was found by two people on horseback while they were conducting a private search for her. The area was accessible only by foot, horse or four-wheelers, from one side of the river. The area in which she was found was behind the home of her boyfriend’s new romantic interest. This woman, who remains unknown to the public, also had a reputation for drugs and violent behavior. Billy’s cause of death was drowning and while her death has not been ruled a homicide it is considered “suspicious” and not simply an accident. According to family members police did not take her disappearance very seriously at first- a mistake that may have cost Babette her life.
Alice Ida Looney, 38 of Toppenish was reported missing after she was last seen in Wapato in the early morning hours around Aug. 16 or 17, 2004. A hunter found her body Nov. 30, 2005, wedged under a tree on a small island in Satus Creek, about 12 miles southeast of Toppenish. Looney had family on the Cowlitz and Puyallup reservations. The FBI lists the cause of her death as inconclusive. High school and college athlete Rosy Fish, a distance relative of Looney’s, ran four races at a state track tournament (and won 3). Each race was dedicated to a missing or murdered female native relative of Fish’s, which shows the breadth of this issue. Fish’s actions have spurred other native athletes to do similar tributes. Looney’s death is still unsolved. Looney’s family also says they were never interviewed by law enforcement.
Teresa R. Stahi age 25. July 27th 1987 marks the day Teresa Stahi’s body was found drowned in a canal. Her clothed body was pulled from a fish screen in a diversion canal off Toppenish Creek south of Granger. An autopsy concluded she drowned and had been in the water less than 12 hours. The
Yakima County Sheriff’s Office said it ruled out foul play. However, an FBI memo listed Stahi’s case as a “mysterious death matter.” Law enforcement now says her death is “inconclusive.” Very little information is available.
Sara Dee Winnier age 24 had recently moved back to the reservation after living in California. She was found at 3:30 a.m. July 22, 1985, sitting upright in the driver’s seat of a burning car off McDonald Road about half a mile from U.S. Highway 97. Her body was badly burned and the coroner used dental records to identify her. Winnier lived in a remote part of the reservation and worked at the Save More Grocery in Wapato. Her death is suspicious and unsolved. Little information is available.
Celestine Spencer, 21 sometimes called Celestine Yallup, of Wapato had been missing two weeks when her body was found at the bottom of a gully in a field off McCullough Road along the north slope of Ahtanum Ridge. She was found Nov. 11, 1982, at the bottom of a hill near a field. Her death while somewhat suspicious was determined to be hypothermia was deemed a probable accident. Celestine’s aunt was awarded custody of her son, Roland, who had some disabilities and various medical problems. Tragically, less than two years later Roland (age 3) disappeared in a child abduction in Wapato and has not been seen since. His Charley Project page is here-
http://charleyproject.org/case/roland-jack-spencer-iii.
Lesora Yvette Eli was only 19 years old when a farmer found her fully clothed body along Parton Road near Toppenish on Feb. 2, 1982. She was face down in a drainage ditch. While the
County Coroner’s Office listed the death as accidental drowning, FBI investigators claim it is a possible homicide. Her death has never been solved and very little information is available.
Sheila Pearl Lewis, a 33-year-old social worker who worked at DSHS in Yakima was found dead in August of 1980 near Parker Dam in Union Gap. An autopsy showed that she died of massive internal injuries most likely from being hit by a large car or truck. Even though her death is most likely a hit and run, it is classified as suspicious rather than a homicide. Sheila lived on the reservation. Very little information is available in her case.
What happened to these people? Is there a serial killer on the loose? Or simply an epidemic of violence towards women? Hopefully, these cases can one day be solved.
I have been thinking of writing up the stories of missing men and boys on the reservation, if you would be interested in a write up on that let me know in the comments below.
If you are interested in this issue as a whole, I suggest this podcast by Canadian journalist Connie Walker who explains and dives deeply into the issues discussed in the piece.
https://www.cbc.ca/radio/findingcleo/missing-murdered-who-killed-alberta-williams-1.4556030#:~:text=Sparked%20by%20a%20chilling%20tip,in%20British%20Columbia%20in%201989. If you are interested in the cases of other missing Native Americans, my write ups on the Teekah Lewis and Bryce Herda cases can be found here on my reddit profile.
https://www.reddit.com/useQuirky-Motor Special thanks to these sources:
https://www.yakimaherald.com/news/local/murdered-missing-and-mysterious-deaths-of-native-girls-and-women-on-and-around-the-yakama/article_46068a45-4f5f-5f8e-b37d-198fd98ac5a5.html https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/we-have-so-many-missing-people-coroner-tests-remains-found-on-yakima-river-island-as-families-wait-hope/ https://kimatv.com/news/local/over-one-third-of-missing-indigenous-women-in-wa-disappeared-from-yakima-county-wsp-says http://lostandmissinginindiancountry.com/Newsletters/July2019.pdf https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/seattle/press-releases/2009/se050609-1.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakama_Indian_Reservation http://www.yakamanation-nsn.gov/ https://www.thesciencehippy.com/health/mmiw-the-women-she-represents http://charleyproject.org/ submitted by Quirky-Motor to UnresolvedMysteries [link] [comments]
Achievement Tip Masterpost
LONGEVITY
Complete a Life Complete a full life All you have to do for this one is die. You probably have it by now, but if you're super attached to your first Bitizen, you can always save your Bitlife and play somebody else wastefully or hold out until they pass.
Octogenarian See your 80th birthday Nonagenarian 90th birthday Centenarian 100th birthday Super-centarian 110th birthday Mega-centarian 120th birthday Get on a healthy diet and garden and meditate twice a year. I like Nutrisystem. It's expensive, but I have advice for managing that below...
Strong Genes Achieve a 500-year generation Long Lineage 1000-year generation Living Legacy 5000-year generation Never don't have kids. I like leaving everything to the youngest child and playing as them, but that won't make your kids happy with you or your heir. Your call. Either way, it helps to have a couple Bitlifes going in case you get tired of living carefully. Sometimes you're gonna want to be more reckless, you know?
WEALTH
Millionaire Become a millionaire My Second Million Achieve a net worth of $2m Now that we have Royalty and Sports, this is a lot easier. Traditionally, if you're hot (95%+), drop out of high school and get your GED ($1k, you can do that in a couple years of dog walking/freelance gigs) and wait for a singer or actor career. If not, work hard in school and go to the gym often. Check your parents' stats and if they're generous make sure you pass your drivers test (maybe even ask if you can get a nicer one! immediately sell your car, they lose value fast) and take a martial art. It's much cheaper if they pay for it ($1K per tier in some countries) and gets you in good shape. If you're athletic, grind at a sport from middle school onwards. If you're not, try some athletic-adjacent clubs and go to the gym and for walks often. Pets count as additional walks which you can take from age 8+. When you're in good shape you can get a soccer scholarship (which can become a/)or a professional sports contract. More sports tips below, same with other careers. Basically try to get famous, not through politics. Or be hot and marry rich/have rich parents who die/be royal.
Multimillionaire Achieve a net worth of $10m Rich Net worth of $20m Super Rich Net worth of $50m Stinking Rich Net worth of $100m Get a couple million first, then invest it in real estate. Or do ads if you're famous and it won't ruin your career. Helps to be big on social media for influence on that stuff. Fix up 1M+ houses and flip them when they've hit a value of 2 or 3 million. If you've got great karma or you're a religious figure of some kind, exorcise some mansions. You can do it all that way, or keep grinding careers.
Bitionaire Achieve a net worth of $1b It's hard to get here from 0. Helps to leave everything to your youngest kid before you die after living a long, fruitful life. You can let your kid "take over" your assets at any time without tax now, that's the best way to do it. Then as soon as they're 18 make them famous/invest in real estate and repeat.
CAREER
Actor Become an actor Be hot. You can drop out at 16 and get your GED for $1k (ask your parents for money or do freelance gigs for a couple of years). If you're not, go to the gym and for walks often. Pets count as additional walks which you can take from age 8+. Grind at a sport in school if you can to keep your health well and get plastic surgery at 18. Generally if your appearance stats are low it's either a nose job or liposuction that will fix it. Always go to the best plastic surgeon. Marry rich if you have to or work for a couple years if you have to, but start the career as soon as you can. Always work 5 more hours a week than required and compliment your supervisor if their coolness is high. Sleep with people in Hollywood (bosses coworkers etc). Your spouse/parent will generally be mad if you're in rude magazines, so hold off on dating unless they're cool or make them deal with it.
Airplane Pilot Become an airline captain Grind in school and keep your mental health well. No drugs but drink if you feel like it, just make sure you can go to AA or whatever. Always work 5 more hours a week than required and compliment your supervisor if their coolness is high. If you're rich and you've inherited an airplane or you can afford lessons, take them. Go to University for a science thing that isn't biology lol. Start your Pilot Apprentice job.
At Inner Peace Work 75 years as a monk Follow my longevity tips above and don't party or drink or do drugs. Always be honest. Meditate. Don't date.
Candywriter Work for Bitlife Be born in Tampa, United States. Go to university for Information Systems. You'll get the achievement right away when you're hired.
CEO Become a CEO Go to school for Finance. Get a job. Work hard every year.
Dentist Become a dentist Go to university for biology, then dental school. Work hard every year.
Doctor Become a doctor Go to university for biology, then medical school. Work hard every year.
Fire Chief Become a fire chief Stay in good shape. Work hard every year.
Jack Of All Trades Have 10 careers in one life Work at retail and food service jobs for less than a year, then go to university to get even more opportunities. Keep going for different paths.
Judge Become a judge Lawyer Become a lawyer Go to school for english. Go to law school. Work hard every year.
Last Resort Seduce your boss to save your job Be hot. Work fewer hours than required at your job. Make sure your supervisor is attracted to your gender and low professionalism. When your boss tries to fire you, seduce them.
People Person Start with your less popular coworkers and work your way up. Pay attention to their stats so you know what they want. Get hard-to-get people with Bitlife Bitizenships ($5).
Combat
Armed & Dangerous Kill someone with a learned martial art move Get to the top level of a martial art, (especially in prison) pick someone old to attack. Start a fight with them.
Midieval Attack Get attacked with a midieval weapon Kinda chance. Just keep picking fights. You can get into a lot of fights if you're rude at nightclubs or to people on the street. Sometimes if you attack your loved ones or enemies with a weapon they'll kill you with a sword or something.
No Grasshopper Earn the top belt in a martial art Each martial art has 10 tiers. They can cost $1k+ if you're an adult so if you've got generous parents take advantage.
Sensei San Earn the top belt in every martial art Have health above 50% when you take a martial arts lesson. Follow above tips. Parents will probably only pay for one set of lessons, so pay for the other arts yourself as an adult. At $10k per martial art, it will probably cost you $40k-$50k.
Disease
Addicted Sustain 3 addictions at once Play Blackjack or go to the horse races often with mid-tier mental health. Get addicted to pills or some other hard non-psychedelic drugs. Start drinking last b/c it'll kill your health. Try not to let your Bitizen get depressed or you might die, lol. All addiction is dangerous so it may take a few tries.
Bubonic Plague Contract the bubonic plague Have low health and luck out. I got it in the UK.
Foam at the Mouth Contract rabies Try to take home every wild animal you see. One might bite you. If you succeed, take it to the vet. If it doesn't have rabies, release it. If it does, don't treat it! Take it home and bathe it until it bites you.
Sickly Contract 10 diseases in one life Best if you're not vaccinated, but just have mid-tier health and be really social. All afflictions count.
Successful Rehab Have rehab cured at a rehab center Go to fancy rehab if you can afford it. Do it from your military deployment to go AWOL.
Witchcraft Get cured of a disease by the witch doctor Eye of newt and cow tongue are iffy. Always start with health at 100. They've fixed cancer and sickle cell for me.
Entertainment
BitBoi Watch Bijuu Mike on YouTube BTS ARMY Go to a BTS concert Keep asking friends to watch YouTube/go to concerts every year until you get those options.
Movie Junkie Go to 5 movies in one life Moviegoer Go to a movie Go to the movies every year. It's good for your relationship if you go with somebody.
Fame
Brightest Star Achieve maximum fame Actor, model, writer, athlete career path. Keep doing every bonus thing (talk shows, books, pose nude, commercials) and verify on social media.
Centerfold Pose for Wank magazine Agree to pose nude every time until you get it. I think this one has women mostly but I can't remember.
Endorser Get paid $2m for a commercial Easy if you're a high paid actor or model doing an international commercial.
K-Pop Become a famous Korean singer See my wealth advice. Follow it with the "background singer" career and start in Korea.
Fertility
DNA Donor Make 25 sperm donations in one life This one is hard b/c you can only do it once a year and only until a certain age. So start at 18 and don't stop. I think you have to be American. Maybe UK and Canada too? Not legal everywhere. Try not to miss a year.
Fabulously Fertile Have 10 children in one life Fertile Myrtle Mother 25 children in one life Meditate every year. Start at 18. You have to be cis. Eat healthy and exercise. Get boyfriends and have unprotected sex with them so you don't get STDs. You can be a mother up until like 51 if you're healthy and lucky. Keep having sex until you get pregnant.
Smart Seed Get artificially inseminated with lawyer sperm Start at 18. You have to be cis. Be fertile (tips above). Keep pulling up the option to get artificially inseminated until a lawyer comes up. Don't listen to your partner if they don't want you to do it LOL.
Super Sperm Have 100 children in one life Be a cis dude. Meditate. Be handsome. Have a million girlfriends. Use the dating app to keep dating young women. Don't abandon any kids but leave girlfriends as soon as they're pregnant. Hire every surrogate that will take you if it's legal. Sue them for the max ($200k) if they bail (not miscarry).
Three's Company Have triplets Sometimes this happens if you're a dude with luck or while you're doing Super Sperm. Sometimes if you're a woman it's luck too or when you do IVF with your partner's sperm or other artificial insemination.
Military
Career Military Serve your full career in the military Tips for staying alive below. Retire as soon as you can.
General Achieve the rank of general in the military Be a good Army person. Grind at work like 5x a year. Keep in shape. Be nice to your seargeant.
Admiral Reach the rank of admiral in the military Be a good Navy person. Grind at work like 5x a year. Keep in shape. Be nice to your seargeant.
Absent Without Leave Go AWOL in the military Be deployed with an addiction and check into rehab. Whoops.
Excavator Clear 10 minefields Be deployed, and
use a minesweeper solver to not die if you suck at minesweeper.
Pet
Adopt Don't Shop Rescue every pet in the shelter You gotta have a few houses. Then you're good. You gotta do it all in one year so have like a lot of houses. Like 5 at least. Tips for getting rich above.
Horsing Around Own 50 horses in one life You gotta have a bunch of ranches. Buy a few horses a year. Tips for getting rich above.
Just Keep Swimming Buy a goldfish and release it. You can do this one as a kid too if your parent gets you a goldfish.
Natural Selection Rescue every pet in the shelter This one took forever. Just keep buying dangerous exotic pets and rescuing every dangerous animal you see. It's luck.
No Probllama Buy a Llama Buy a ranch in Afghanistan. Go pet shopping.
Prison
Aftermath Escape prison in a riot Instigator Prison riot Get good at Snake. Keep rioting. Works best in low security. Takes a couple tries, kind of luck.
Behind Bars Spend 50 years in prison True Lifer 75 years in prison Do a murder in a country without the death penalty (Canada). Murder with full health at 18. Get a prison job. Meditate and work out every year. Keep your head down. Try half-heartedly to escape every once in a while so you don't accidentally get parole or something. But if you get out you can always go back. Rob a bank or something. But keep your health and behaviour up in case you get sick and need to go to the infirmary.
Gangsta Join a prison gang Go to a medium or higher security prison.
Inmating Get a lover pregnant on a conjugal visit Be a cis man with high fertility. Have a good relationship (80%+) with an 18 year old cis woman. Make sure she isn't on birth control. Do a small crime, get a prison job, and meditate. Request a conjugal visit.
Justice Get freed from prison by appeal Be rich. Wait a couple years after you're sentenced for something non-violent.
Mercy Me Get granted clemency Be a nun or a monk for 50+ years. Don't retire. Do a murder. Get a prison job. Meditate, work out, go to the library, and write letters to home. You won't know until the year you're scheduled to die, so hold on.
Midnight Express Get sentenced to Turkish prison Be born in Turkey. Do a crime.
Theseus Escape a supermax prison There are a ton of
Bitlife prison guides. Do a murder and escape from death row.
Royalty
Executioner Execute 5 people Be king. Or queen. Top dog, either way. It helps to have enemies or friends to make enemies.
Markle Marry into the royal family Be a commoner in a country with royals. Be cute. Go on lots of dates. It'll pop up and be part of their name. They could be a viscount or whatever, no member of the royal family is too far removed.
Monarch Become a monarch Start as prince or princess and inherit the throne.
Napoleon Get exiled to a distant land Keep executing people. And do a bunch of disservice.
Reign Over Us Reign as monarch for 100 years In a country where Prince/Princess is top monarch or where your king/queen parents are low health/dying, keep your health up until you're a super-centarian (see above).
Sports
Canton Get inducted into the football hall of fame Be a great football player. Be famous. Play as long as you can. Keep being famous after football as long as you can. I stopped being famous at 40 and got inducted at 60.
Christiano Win the Ballon d'Or Be a European soccer player. Keep winning championships (see below).
Full Ride Win an athletic scholarship Start playing sports in middle school. Become captain of at least one team with a pro league.
Giggsy Win 13 career championships You can train each stat up twice in a turn if you trade teams, but you'll lose respect, so pick your moments. Grind your whole life. Keep going to the gym. Trade teams when you guys start losing. Stay on top.
Hooker Yell at a leopard Try out for professional rugby with high athletic stats. Choose Hooker as your position.
Lance Win a championship while doping It's safest to dope the year after a drug test. Try it for your second or third championship.
Real Estate
House Hunter Make $2m from flipping a house Buy a $2m house. Leave it to your kid. Sell it. See above.
Mansion Party Throw a party in a mansion Real Estate Mogul Purchase real estate worth $10m combined Trailer Party Party in a trailer Pretty straight forward. If you're broke start with the trailer party. Then buy mansions. Advice for getting rich above.
School
Brothers Forever Get hired by a frat brother Be a jock. See sports advice above. When you're in two sports at university, compliment the jocks' leader. Be good looking (plastic surgery if needed, see above) and google the answer to the question if you need it. Google high-level frats and pick one. Then when you get hired after school one of them might hire you!
Earning that A Seduce your teacher Be really attractive and compliment your teachers who are attracted to people of your gender. Take the opportunity to sleep with them if it arises.
Naughty Child Get expelled from school Be rude as hell to the principal/headmastedean
Swimming Star Start swimming as young as you can and stay in shape. "Work harder" every year.
Social Media
Social Media Join social media Social Media Sharer Post Social Media Oversharer Post 5 times Social Media Star Get a million followers Check! Get verified Join all social media platforms at 13. Be pretty and keep posting. Follow above advice to get famous in any public career to get more followers. Start with Instagram for verification around 100k. By the time you're a lead actosupermodel/etc you'll have 1m followers.
Vehicle
Antiqued Keep a car running for 200 years. Buy a brand new car. Do maintenance twice a year. Pass it on to your kid (18+) and repeat.
Car collector Assemble a car collection worth $1m Lambo Buy a Lamborghini Buy a lambo and a bunch of other fancy cars. Who cares. See advice above for money.
Not The Yellow One Buy a submarine You need $5b for this to show up reliably.
Titanic Trouble Run into trouble on a yacht Have a shitty yacht or shitty luck. Go for a bunch of rides.
Animal
Animal Rescue Rescue an animal Helps to have 100% smarts. Read childrens books so you don't have to tap too many pages. It'll only take two or three.
Deaf Leapord Yell at a leopard Buy a leopard from the exotic animals dealer and yell at it when it misbehaves.
Gorilla and the Fist Get decapitated by a gorilla I had to buy so many gorillas from the exotic animals dealer to get one crazy enough to decapitate me. Just keep bathing it and letting it attack you every year until it kills you.
Unicorn Find a unicorn Go for like 10 walks a year. Have good karma.
Hungry Hippo !!! NEEDED !!!
Apparently Egypt is good for this.
Lion Tamer !!! NEEDED !!!
Apparently Kenya is good for this.
Crime
Balcony Buccaneer Steal 100 packages in one life It's a lot easier to avoid punishment by wielding your title if you're a monarch. This one took me ages as a civiliian.
Burglar Burgle 25 homes in one life Play Snake well
Cold Killer Kill 10 people in one life Serial Killer Kill 25 people Start with random homeless people. If you're a royal exert your title to avoid punishment. Keep buying your way out of prison as long as you can. Then start killing other prisoners, start with the oldest and work your way down to the strongest ones. Work out and meditate every year. Pay guards for protection if you can but you probably won't be fucked with if you keep strong and murderous.
Dillinger Rob 5 banks in one life If you're royal you'll get away with it. Make sure you have a getaway car either way. Clown mask/closest equivalent and handgun/closest equivalent work best.
Scare to Death Scare someone to death Do a murder but pick scare to death. Works best if they're old.
Bugatti Bandit !!! NEEDED !!!
Going Anywhere !!! NEEDED !!!
LOVE
Black Widow Widow 5 husbands in one life Start using the dating app when you're 18 and go for old guys. Best if they don't have kids and if they're rich. Propose after you fuck when your relationship is at 100%. I like to be on birth control for this.
Golden Anniversary Be in a marriage for 50 years Diamond Anniversary Marriage for 75 years Keep seeing movies together and fucking and complimenting each other. Cute as hell. Just marry young and try to both stay alive.
Fake It Propose successfully with a fake ring Works best if you're rich and they love you and they're dumb.
Family Planner Convince a lover to go off birth control Be a cis man. Be in a strong relationship with a cis woman. Ask her to go off birth control. Easiest if you're married to her.
Maiden Named Marry a man who takes your last name Marry a man and don't change your last name. Kind of a luck thing. Make sure your relationship is strong.
Multigamist Get married 10 times in one life Pre-nups and widowing make this easier but do you. Love them and leave them. If you're a young guy it's really easy to get older women to agree to marry you.
Stud Have 100 lovers in a single life Hook up like crazy. Date all you can and fuck all of them. Use protection so you can stay alive.
Wedding Planner Agree to an arranged marriage I did this in India as a woman with wealthy, religious parents.
Bejeweled !!! NEEDED !!!
General
All Along Have a parent who comes out of the closet Could be luck. Or you can cheat it with a Bitizenship by making both parents gay and unreligious.
Begone Exorcise your own ghost Be an exorcist. Buy a haunted house. Do what you do best.
Booty Call Have a successful Brazillian butt lift Be healthy and have good karma. Use the best doctor. Cross your fingers. They still only work 1/3 of the time.
Cliff Diver Go cliff diving Hero Save someone's life Player Perks Accept a casino's hospitality offer Snake Snack Eat a snake ZAP! Get struck by lightning Random event
Dignified Donor Donate a 1m+ heirloom to charity Get your heirloom every day. Appraise it. Donate the first $1m+ one you get.
Flamin' Hot Survive 60 years on a Hot Cheetos diet Get liposuction every couple of years and work out and walk a lot. Have no other conditions. Do your best. Get pets for more walks. Garden. Try to survive. Start at 18.
Flee the Country Emigrate to escape justice Escape prison and emigrate
Frankenstein Survive 5 botched plastic surgeries Keep going to the bad doctor. Go for risky procedures like butt lifts. Space them out to get your health back up.
Goat Grabber Join a goat grabbing team Be athletic and join a goat grabbing team at school in Afghanistan
Human Dictionary Read the dictionary So much tapping. But eventually it will show up in your books. Be strong.
Hyperthymesia Score 20 sequences on the memory test The worst part of Bitlife. I did this one by writing 1,2,3 or 4 on a piece of paper according to which # square lit up with my right hand and doing the puzzle on my phone with my left hand. Still took like 5 tries and was really frustrating. Take breaks and come back with a clear head.
Jackpot Win the lottery jackpot Keep your karma high and buy 10 tickets 5 times a year. You'll get it eventually.
Lowroller Get refused entry to a casino Bet more money than you have on Blackjack. Once you're out of prison, try to come back. They'll turn you away.
Nightmare Wake up from a nightmare As a pilot, buy a terrible plane. When it crashes, accept your doom. You might wake up.
Paranightmare Contract PTSD after a paranormal experience Try to have bad mental and good physical health (a hard balance. Try gardening, dieting, and fighting with friends or loved ones) and then try to exorcise stubborn ghosts.
Perfection Achieve perfect stats Pretty easy. Work out, get plastic surgery (lipo or nose job to start) and go for walks, read children's books (3 should get you to 100%) and go to the movies or on vacation.
Rich Justice Win a $1m+ lawsuit Get fired from a really high paying job like CEO and win your lawsuit.
Run Bitizen! Win a bet on Bitizen There's Always Canada Emigrate to Canada Winnipeg, Eh? Visit Winnipeg Wait until it pops up as an option
Say Goodbye To Hollywood Get deported from the United States Move to the U.S. without permission. Get caught doing a minor crime.
Skeezy Get called "skeezy" Be an asshole at nightclubs and in the streets. Fight with your friends and coworkers, insult them and start rumours.
Sweepstakes Win the sweepstakes Set it up on a day where you'll be by your phone. Sign up every time you can.
Try & Stop Me Violate a restraining order Stalk your ex. Do it again after they file a restraining order.
Ultimate Betrayal Your spouse leaves you following a gender reassignment Have a terrible relationship with your heterosexual spouse. Get gender reassignment surgery.
Unethical Bribe a college official Be rich and have dumb kids.
Roswell !!! NEEDED !!!
Sacrilege !!! NEEDED !!!
A List of my no sleep stories
submitted by Jgrupe to JGcreepypastas [link] [comments]
Timeline of FBC History: Altered Items, Objects of Power, and AWEs
I created a timeline of the Bureau's history leading up to
Control, as described in documents, multimedia, cutscenes, and NPC chatter. It includes all the known Altered Items, Objects of Power, and AWEs, plus significant events from
Control and
Alan Wake. The most surprising thing I discovered was Trench was living with the Hiss in his head for 17 years before the events of
Control. Talk about a slow burn!
I'm really excited to share this! I combed through every collectible in the game, so it took awhile to put together. Do you see anything interesting or surprising? I'm also happy to accept edits or additions with a source.
| Year | Events | Source |
| 1915 | The owner of the Victorian Mirror (AI60-UE) becomes fixated with it and is admitted to a mental ward. | Case Files: Mirror Supplement |
| 1923 | The population of Hoer Verde, Brazil, mysteriously disappears in a possible AWE. | Multimedia: America Overnight Ep. 349 |
| XXXX | The FBC, or a group that will eventually become the FBC, is formed. | |
| 1954 | The Oscillator (AI3-KE) is acquired. William S. Powers, Head of Department of Public Knowledge and Diversions, creates the legend of “fan death” in Korea. | Case Files: Fan Supplement |
| 1952 | Carl Jung publishes an essay on synchronicity. | |
| 1959 | The Research Department at the FBC is created by Dr. Theodore Ash, Head of Research. He wants to expand on Carl Jung’s work on synchronicity. The Game Hammer (AI5-BE) is acquired. | Research: Synchronicity, Case Files: Hammer Procedures |
| 1964 | The official, public-facing year the FBC was formed. The Oldest House is discovered while FBC agents are investigating a suspected AWE in the New York City subway tunnels. The Service Weapon (OOP1-KE) is discovered inside the Oldest House. Northmoor binds it, and the room in which it’s discovered becomes the Director’s Office. | Correspondence: Visitor Evaluations, Multimedia: The Oldest House, Research: Service Weapon |
| 1965 | The Hotline (OOP3-UE) spontaneously appears in the Director’s Office. Northmoor binds it. | Research: Hotline |
| 1967 | The Waist Mannequin (AI7-KE) is discovered in Maine. | Case Files: Mannequin Procedures, Case Files: Mannequin Supplement |
| 1968 | The FBC makes the Oldest House its official headquarters. | Multimedia: The Oldest House |
| 1970 | Thomas Zane and the eruption of the Cauldron Lake Volcano are investigated in Bright Falls, Washington. | Case Files: Bright Falls Summary |
| 1974 | The Floppy Disk (OOP5-KE) is stolen from a Soviet military base by the CIA, then transferred to the FBC. The Arctic Queen (AI10-KE) is acquired from the Grand Central Hotel in New York City. | Case Files: Floppy Disk, Case Files: Refrigerator Procedures |
| 1976 | The Old Gods of Asgard create moonshine with unfiltered water from Cauldron Lake and use it to give their songs power. The FBC investigates them. The Ocelot’s Anchor (AI11-UE) is acquired from the wreckage of the White Ocelot. | Alan Wake, Case Files: Bright Falls Summary, Case Files: Anchor Supplement |
| 1978 | Parautilitarian Alan Wake is born. Odin and Tor Anderson, the Old Gods of Asgard, are investigated again in Bright Falls, Washington. An FBC intern picks up the Hotline and dies. | Alan Wake, Case Files: Bright Falls Summary, Multimedia: Hotline |
| 1979 | The Benicoff TV (OOP7-KE) is acquired in Kansas. The Smoking Pram (AI13-KE) is acquired in Paris, France. | Case Files: Benicoff TV, Case Files: Pram Procedures |
| 1980 | The Holiday Memories Tree (AI14-AE) is acquired from a Canadian research station on Ross Island, Antarctica. Identification Formulas are discovered. | Case Files: Plastic Tree Procedures, Case Files: Plastic Tree Supplement |
| 1983 | The Swan Boat (AI19-KE) is acquired on Vancouver Island, Canada. | Case Files: Swan Boat Procedures |
| 1986 | The Jasper Post Box (AI31-PE) is acquired in Jasper Crossing, Arizona. | Case Files: Post Box Supplement |
| 1989 | The Ashtray and Cigarette (OOP11-KE) is acquired and bound to Trench. | Case Files: Ashtray and Cigarette |
| 1990 | America Overnight, an FBC-funded radio show on superstitious topics, starts broadcasting. (“Broadcasting the truth […] for 29 years and counting.”) | Multimedia: America Overnight Ep. 352, Multimedia: America Overnight Ep. 356, Multimedia: America Overnight Ep. 359 |
| 1991 | Parautilitarian Jesse Faden is born. | |
| 1992 | Parautilitarian Dylan Faden is born. The Butte AWE (AWE-17) occurs in Butte, Montana. Agents discover a light switch cord that takes them to the The Oceanview Motel and Casino for the first time. | Case Files: Butte Summary |
| 1993 | The Emergency Call AWE (AWE-18) occurs, where a woman is trapped in a phone. | Emergency Call Summary, Emergency Call Supplement |
| 1994 | The Guru Surfboard (AI43-PE) is acquired from the home of Chester Bless. | Case Files: Surfboard Procedures |
| XXXX | Dr. Casper Darling, Head of Research, is hired. (Note: This is based on Darling saying, “I’ve been here 24 years now.” That would be 1995 if it were recorded in 2019, but it may have been recorded earlier.) | Multimedia: Research Sector |
| 1996 | Alan Wake, 18, publishes his first short story. | The Alan Wake Files |
| 1997 | The Pink Flamingo (AI46-KE) is acquired. | Case Files: Pink Flamingo Procedures |
| 1998 | The Merry-Go-Round Horse (OOP16-KE) is acquired from an abandoned amusement park after a tip from America Overnight. | Case Files: Merry-Go-Round Horse |
| 1999 | The Red Light (AI49-KE) is acquired. | Case Files: Traffic Light Procedures |
| 2000 | Alan Wake, 22, gains international recognition for his first Alex Casey book. Jesse Faden, 9, discovers the Old Gods of Asgard album Rebirth through her father. | Alan Wake, Research: Album Cover |
| 2001 | The Rubber Duck (AI52-AE) is acquired from an FBC agent’s home. The Simulacrum (AI53-KE) is acquired from inside the Bureau. | Case Files: Rubber Duck Procedures, Case Files: Water Cooler Procedures |
| XXXX | Trench loses his daughter, Susanna, to an unknown paranatural illness. His wife, Kate, leaves him. Trench creates the Panopticon, a "maximum security prison" for Altered Items. | Hotline: Prime Candidates, Hotline: Panopticon, Langston cutscene |
| XXXX | Trench creates the first Northmoor Sarcophagus Container, NSC-01, while he is still Deputy Chief. Northmoor uses his abilities to make the power plant disappear in a possible escape attempt. A new power plant, NSC-02, is built with improved restraints. Northmoor is placed back inside. | Research: NSC |
| XXXX | Trench picks up the Service Weapon and is “promoted” to Director by the Board. | Hotline: Northmoor |
| XXXX | Trench implements the internal lockdown security protocol requiring directorial override. (Note: Trench says this happens in his first few years of being Director.) | Hotline: Internal Lockdown |
| XXXX | Trench creates the Prime Candidate program, but P1 through P5 are “dead ends”. | Hotline: Prime Candidates |
| 2002 | The Bremen Basket (AI54-UE) is acquired. (Note: This document contains an addendum from 1997, suggesting the acquisition date on file may be incorrect.) The Ordinary AWE (AWE-24) occurs in Ordinary, Wisconsin. Dylan Faden, 10, and Jesse Faden, 11, discover the Slide Projector at the local dump. The town’s adult population disappears. Dylan is interviewed and abducted by the FBC. Jesse escapes, guided by an extradimensional entity she calls Polaris. The Slide Projector (OOP15-UE) is acquired. | Case Files: Picnic Basket Procedures, Case Files: Ordinary Summary, Case Files: Slide Projector, Research: Ordinary AWE Stage 1.A, Research: Ordinary AWE Stage 1.B, Research: Ordinary AWE Stage 2, Research: Ordinary AWE Stage 3, Research: Ordinary AWE Stage 4.A, Research: Ordinary AWE Stage 4.B, Completed Missions: Directorial Override, Hotline: Prime Candidates |
| XXXX | Trench leads an expedition into Slidescape-36. A lingering Hiss resonance burrows into Trench on the first expedition. Darling discovers Hedron. (Note: A photo of Hedron appears in the background of Darling’s videos about Dylan, so Hedron was discovered before Dylan killed the agent.) | Multimedia: Slidescape-36, Hotline: Slidescape-36, Multimedia: Hedron |
| XXXX | Threshold Kids is developed to give Dylan a kid-friendly introduction to paranatural topics. Dylan is bound to the Floppy Disk. (Note: There is no explicit documentation about this, but NPC researchers in the Executive Sector reveal P6 was more gifted at launching objects than Northmoor. This ability also matches the P6 Victim Autopsy report.) Dylan is the most gifted parautilitarian the Bureau has ever seen, but kills an FBC agent with his new abilities. Marshall advises Darling and Trench to stop training Dylan. | Executive Sector NPCs, Research: Threshold Kids Proposal, Research: P6 Victim Autopsy, Multimedia: Ordinary |
| 2003 | The X-Ray Light Box (OOP18-PE) is acquired after an incident in a hospital. It is used to facilitate Astral dives in the Astralnaut program. | Case Files: X-Ray Light Box, Research: Astralnauts Information |
| 2004 | “Get Well” Balloon (AI58-KE) is acquired from the child’s ward of a hospital. | Case Files: Balloon Procedures |
| 2005 | The Victorian Mirror (AI60-UE) is acquired in Illinois. | Case Files: Mirror Procedures, Case Files: Mirror Supplement |
| 2006 | The Albany AWE (AWE-29) occurs in Albany, New York. The Human Hand Chair (AI63-KE) is acquired. | Case Files: Albany Summary, Case Files: Hand Chair Procedures |
| XXXX | Emily Pope is hired as a Junior Researcher. (Note: She describes the Ordinary AWE as “before [her] time” in a cutscene, so she is hired at least a few years after 2002.) | Emily Pope cutscene, Research: Pope’s Promotion |
| XXXX | Dylan Faden kills more FBC agents. Darling is heartbroken and creates the Dimensional Research department. He moves the Slide Projector there for extensive study. (Note: This happens after Emily is hired, because Darling mentions she may be suspicious about his new project.) Trench creates the Ashtray Maze. | Multimedia: Dylan Faden, Correspondence: Dump Cessation of Work Order, Hotline: Ashtray Maze |
| 2008 | The Ramen Lantern (AI69-KE) is acquired. | Case Files: Paper Lantern Procedures |
| 2010 | Jesse Faden, 19, starts therapy. The Wolff Globe (AI72-PE) is acquired in Toronto. | Research: Ordinary AWE Stage 1.A, Research: Ordinary AWE Stage 1.B, Research: Ordinary AWE Stage 2, Research: Ordinary AWE Stage 3, Research: Ordinary AWE Stage 4.A, Research: Ordinary AWE Stage 4.B, Case Files: Globe Procedures, Case Files: Globe Supplement |
| 2010 | The Bright Falls AWE (AWE-35) occurs in Washington. The Oh Deer Diner Coffee Thermos (AI73-UE) is acquired. During the Bright Falls AWE, Clay Steward appears in Bright Falls and fights the Dark Presence alongside Alan Wake. He wakes up in Madison, Wisconsin, believing it was a dream. | Case Files: Bright Falls Summary, Case Files: Thermos Procedures, Alan Wake |
| 2011 | Clay Steward writes The Alan Wake Files. The FBC flags him as a minor parautilitarian. | The Alan Wake Files, Case Files: Bright Falls Supplement |
| 2014 | The Moving Letters (AI77-KE) are acquired. The Home Safe (OOP22-KE) is acquired in Ohio. | Case Files: Letters Procedure, Case Files: Home Safe |
| 2016 | The Sterling AWE (AWE-46) occurs in Sterling, Colorado. A hollow, stone-like sphere manifests in a field. Alberto Tommasi, Head of Communications, is hired. | Case Files: Sterling Summary, Research: Tommasi’s ID, Multimedia: America Overnight Ep. 356 |
| 2017 | Lin Salvador, Head of Security, is hired. The Havana AWE (AWE-48) occurs at a US Embassy in Havana, Cuba. | Research: Salvador’s ID, Case Files: Havana Summary, Correspondence: Tomassi: AWE Report |
| XXXX | Emily Pope is promoted to Research Specialist. | Research: Pope’s Promotion |
| 2019 | The Willow AWE (AWE-XX) occurs in Alaska. Like the Sterling AWE, a hollow, stone-like sphere is among the recovered items. The Typewritten Page (AI83-KE) is acquired from the Oceanview Motel and Casino. Polaris asks Dylan for his help, but he refuses. Jesse Faden dreams that Polaris is calling to her from New York and she starts traveling. Trench stops using the Hotline. A month later, he uses the Slide Projector to open a door for the Hiss. Jesse arrives in New York City. | Correspondence: Approved Technology Reminder, Correspondence: Tommasi: Willow AWE Outcome, Research: Willow AWE Shipping Manifest, Case Files: Typewritten Page Procedures, Case Files: Typewritten Page Supplement, Multimedia: Hedron, Multimedia: Therapy: Jesse Polaris, Research: Dylan Faden Transcript, Research: Hotline Security Logs, Research: Jesse Faden Movement Tracking |
How to determine which gyms are eligible from EX Raids: Findings from a worldwide analysis of 1000+ EX Raid locations
Updates as of 2018-01-16
- Magicarpic PMed me details of a Ukraine EX raid which had a leisure=park polygon created 15th July 2016. This sets a new earliest date.
- MzRed found EX raids corresponding with landuse=grassland
- Montagemz found an EX raid corresponding with landuse=farmyard
- 0Geert0 found an EX raid corresponding with natural=heath
- Groschenprinz05 found an EX raid corresponding with landuse=vineyard
- Flitzer09 found an EX raid corresponding with landuse=farmland
- GizzlySGD found an EX raid corresponding with landuse=orchard
- Given the complete lack of evidence for leisure=nature_reserve even being a nesting tag, I have removed it from the query. It is a much more common tag than orchard, vineyard, heath, etc., yet we still haven't had a single person with a leisure=nature_reserve EX raid. (Edit 2018-01-27: Fixed an issue where I had left part of the leisure=nature_reserve code in)
- Updated overpass-turbo query incorporating these tags: http://overpass-turbo.eu/s/vs3
1.0 Background
Last week I posted an
analysis of 49 EX raid locations in Western Australia. The key findings were:
- 100% of EX raids from December, 2017 in Western Australia corresponded with OpenStreetMap tags associated with nests (e.g. leisure=park, landuse=recreation_ground)
- In three instances the gym was slightly outside the polygon of the park from OSM, but if the park was overlayed with level 20 s2 cells then the gym was inside these cells. I proposed that Niantic stores information about parks as level 20 s2 cells and this is why these three gyms were eligible for EX raids.
There still remained some follow up questions:
- When is the OSM data for EX raids sourced from?
- What is the full range of OSM tags that can lead to EX raids?
- Was the level 20 s2 cell overlap just a coincidence with those three gyms from Western Australia, or could this be confirmed with other EX raid gyms?
To answer those questions I have spent a good chunk of the last week performing a larger analysis of EX raid locations from around the world. The following post describes my key findings.
Note #1: Throughout this article where I refer to ‘parks’, I am generally referring to the entire collection of tags on OSM which lead to nests, including landuse=recreation_ground, leisure=garden, landuse=grass, etc. If I want to refer to leisure=park polygons specifically then I will use that term.
Note #2: This research will only deal with the crietria that allows a non-sponsored gym to be
eligible to host EX raids. It does not deal with the
selection mechanism (i.e.
which gym is chosen each week).
2.0 Methodology
2.1 Data collection
Data was collected about EX raids from locations worldwide. This was sourced through collections previously posted on Reddit, local Discord groups and data sent to me as response to a thread I posted a few days ago (both publically and via PMs). The following table shows the number of gym locations from each country/region. The distribution of gym locations is also shown in the following graphic:
https://i.imgur.com/QnL1vPe.png | Region | Number of EX Raid Locations |
| Canada | 248 |
| Australia | 224 |
| Hong Kong | 140 |
| Singapore | 134 |
| United States | 130 |
| United Kingdom | 61 |
| France | 52 |
| Brazil | 29 |
| Germany | 22 |
| Belgium | 15 |
| United Arab Emirates | 5 |
| Total | 1060 |
The dataset included non-sponsored gyms only. Dates of EX raids ranged from 30 September, 2017 to 25 December, 2017 (encompassing all non-sponsored EX raid dates prior to the latest January wave). 1010 out of the 1060 were for dates ranged from 11 November, 2017 to 25 December, 2017.
2.2 Analysis of parks
Data was exported from OSM using overpass-turbo. A list of the exported tags is available here:
http://overpass-turbo.eu/s/vs3. Data was exported from one-month intervals (1 Mar 2016, 1 Apr 2016, 1 May 2016 … 1 Jan 2017). Data was also exported from the date of the latest nest update (22 Jan 2017), the date of the visual map data in the game (13 Aug 2017) and current (1 Jan 2018).
I analysed gyms using each month’s data via a point-in-polygon method using R (see description
here). For gyms which failed the point-in-polygon test I checked level 20 s2 cells using
osmcoverer by
MzRed which was being developed as I was completing my analysis. (At that stage osmcoverer did not have gym marker capability or I would have just used osmcoverer instead of R). For any gyms which showed a difference in the monthly data (e.g. fell inside a park polygon using data from Jul 2016 but did not fall inside a polygon using data from Jun 2016) the data was manually investigated on OSM to check for the specific date resulting in that change.
3.0 Findings
3.1: Changes in EX raid eligibility criteria over time
My previous analysis only included data from December 2017, whereas now I had collected data dating back to 30 September, 2017. After analysing which gyms fell inside or outside parks, it became clear that Niantic changed the way that non-sponsored gyms were chosen for EX Raids between the 20 October EX raid and the 11 November EX raid.
| EX Raid Date | % Parks | % Non-Parks |
| 30 Sep/1 Oct | 41% | 59% |
| 20 October | 27% | 73% |
| 11 November | 100% | 0% |
| 18 November | 100% | 0% |
| 26 November | 100% | 0% |
| 3 December | 100% | 0% |
| 11 December | 100% | 0% |
| 18 December | 100% | 0% |
| 25 December | 100% | 0% |
Since the change, 100% of non-sponsored gyms can be explained using OSM tags, without exception. This could also explain why there was a three-week break in non-sponsored raids; during this time Niantic was modifying their selection algorithm to target parks.
Future research will need to pay attention to EX raid release dates, as the difference between pre-November and post-November raids does affect analysis. A number of comments in my previous thread provided examples of EX raids not in parks, however follow ups confirmed that these invites were for raids in SeptembeOctober. Additionally, there is no guarantee that Niantic will not change the formula again.
Implications: Unfortunately, if your town's park areas were not adequately mapped in OSM and you don’t have sponsored gyms then it appears you are out of luck for EX raids. Despite having over 1000 EX raid locations from November and December, not a single instance was found of a non-sponsored EX raid occurring without a corresponding OSM tag.
3.2: Use of level 20 s2 cells to determine if gyms are inside parks
In my previous thread I established the idea that the boundaries of parks are defined by level 20 s2 cells. This was used to account for three gyms in Western Australia which had EX raids despite falling just outside the polygon of the parks on OSM.
I can confirm after looking at the expanded dataset that this was not a coincidence. In total there were 40 gyms (out of 1060) which fit this circumstance: they could only be explained based on s2 cell overlap. A few examples from these 40 gyms are shown below (maps generated using osmcoverer by
MzRed).
| Gym | Latitude | Longitude | Map of s2 cells |
| Pavilion of Yew Tee Park | 1.397505 | 103.744281 | link |
| Circle of Pillars | 1.345777 | 103.693723 | link |
| Alumni Field Commemoration | 43.473968 | -80.525313 | link |
I am confident enough to say that this confirms that level 20 cells are used to determine whether gyms are in parks.
Implications: Previous tools which have looked solely at whether gyms lay within polygons might have excluded a small proportion of eligible gyms. Based on this dataset, ~4% of gyms would not have been predicted to be EX raid eligible if level 20 s2 cells were not considered.
3.3: Date range for OSM data
Establishing the earliest date of OSM data is straightforward: look for locations that have had EX raids, and then look for when the corresponding OSM feature was created. There are three gyms which were able to place the earliest starting date in July, 2016:
| Gym | Latitude | Longitude | Creation date of corresponding tag |
| Medford Statue of Liberty | 42.323083 | -122.876866 | 6 July 2016 (OSM link) |
| 上帝古廟 | 22.326202 | 114.185189 | 9 July 2016 (OSM link) |
| 九龍城立方體地標 | 22.327121 | 114.185292 | 9 July 2016 (OSM link) |
Finding the oldest possible date of the data is expected to be more challenging. It requires an EX raid to be held at a place that has had the tag removed, either because the park itself has been removed or because the park was plotted incorrectly and has been corrected. Finding the oldest possible date for the data therefore depends on luck.
| Gym | Latitude | Longitude | Removal/modification date of corresponding tag |
| Towers Baptist Church | 49.142106 | -123.109827 | 6 January 2017 (OSM link) |
| [Golf course gym] | [Withheld] | [Withheld] | 17 November 2016 |
| Jin Fu Gong Temple | 1.340732 | 103.690463 | 31 August 2016 (OSM link) |
| 南洋公园 | 1.340382 | 103.690883 | 31 August 2016 (OSM link) |
LimboMon had already
discovered a possible date of August, 2016 for the OSM data based on a Singapore gym which had landuse=greenfield. At the time it was difficult to assert this with confidence for two reasons: firstly,landuse=greenfield was a tag that had not previously been linked to nests; secondly, not enough data had been collected to clearly establish that 100% of EX raids correspond to OSM tags.
Using a separate line of data I have been able to prove that the EX raid data pre-dates the nest data (January 22, 2017). Towers Baptist Church in Canada (49.142106, -123.109827) held an EX raid on 18th December, 2017. Until 6 January 2017 the gym was covered by a leisure=park polygon which covered the church, however after this date a user modified the park polygon to exclude the church building. Compare the level 20 overlay
before 6 Jan 2017 and
after 6 Jan 2017.
In my last analysis thread,
DrKillerZA provided me coordinates of an EX raid in South Africa which was at a golf course. The polygon for the golf course had been modified in November 2016 which removed the gym from the range of the golf course (compare the level 20 overlay
before 17 Nov 2016 and
after 17 Nov 2016). I was recently able to confirm that the EX raid at this gym occurred on December 18, which means it was subject to the parks requirement for non-sponsored EX raids, and hence the OSM data must be prior to 17th November 2016.
Finally, I can also reconfirm the Singapore data. In addition to Jin Fu Gong Temple (1.340732, 103.690463), which held an EX raid on 11 November 2017, there is now also 南洋公园 (1.340382, 103.690883) which held an EX raid on 11 December, 2017. Both of these gyms were in range of a landuse=greenfield tag that was removed 31 August 2016 when a nursing home was built on the site. There are no other nearby tags which could trigger EX raid status, even when considering level 20 s2 cells.
Based on the above evidence we can conclude that the date range for the OSM data used for EX raids is from somewhere between
9th July 2016 and 31st August 2016. It is likely more towards the July date, given that park additions are more common than park removals and therefore the earliest possible OSM date is easier to locate than the latest possible OSM date.
Implications: OSM received a flurry of attention in Dec 2016-Jan 2017 on Silph Road when the links between OSM and Pokemon Go became increasingly clear. This led to a lot of players checking out OSM and mapping parks in their area to attempt to get nests. Unfortunately, the EX raid data pre-dates this. Players may have been targeting gyms incorrectly believing that they can host EX raids when they actually cannot.
3.4: OSM tags associated with EX Raids
My initial study showed that leisure=park and landuse=recreation_ground were the two most common tags associated with non-sponsored EX raids. I wanted to use the larger dataset to explore which additional tags can be proven to lead to EX raids. For this stage of the analysis, I first removed every EX raid that could be explained using leisure=park or landuse=recreation_ground (including those which were covered by level 20 s2 cells). This accounted for 912/1010 gyms. For the remaining gyms, I manually checked the corresponding way(s) on OSM.
The following table shows the raw number of gyms which SOLELY matched each tag and no other.
| OSM tag | Matching gyms | Example gym |
| landuse=grass | 36 | Church of Canada (45.493796, -73.575442) (OSM) |
| leisure=playground | 16 | Kam Ying Fountain (22.422243, 114.23617) (OSM) |
| leisure=garden | 15 | Confucious Statue (29.721873, -95.387988) (OSM) |
| leisure=recreation_ground | 8 | Dancer and the Clock (1.348024, 103.756122) (OSM) |
| leisure=pitch | 8 | Don Dawson Oval (-33.904022, 150.933424) (OSM) |
| landuse=meadow | 7 | CSI Campus Centre (40.601612, -74.148523) (OSM) |
| leisure=golf_course | 2 | Casino Grove Entry (-38.118564, 145.25032) (OSM) |
| landuse=greenfield | 2 | Jin Fu Gong Temple (1.340732, 103.690463) (OSM) |
| natural=scrub | 1 | Autobahnkirche Ruhr (51.496269, 7.188764) (OSM) |
| landuse=farmyard | 1* | Parkgutt/Gutt med sydvest i bronse (59.895986,10.812309) (OSM) |
| natural=grassland | 1* | Kukkiva Maisemapelto (61.475845,23.824455) (OSM) |
| boundary=physiogeographical | 0 | - |
| boundary=nature_reserve | 0 | - |
| leisure=nature_reserve | 0 | - |
| natural=heath | 0 | - |
| natural=moor | 0 | - |
| landuse=farmland | 0 | - |
| landuse=orchard | 0 | - |
| landuse=vineyard | 0 | - |
Edit 1: Added landuse=farmyard example mentioned
here.
Edit 2: Some people have asked about parks, etc. tagged as relations instead of ways (rel[leisure=park] instead of way[leisure=park]). 100% of the gyms I tested could be explained only using ways. If you find an example of an EX raid gym that requires relations to explain it, let me know.
Edit 3: MzRed provided me two examples of gyms which can only be explained using natural=grassland. I have added this to the table and have modified the overpass-turbo query.
This confirms the ability of 11 tags (including leisure=park and landuse=recreational_ground) to generate EX raids. The lack of results for the last six OSM tags does not mean that they
cannot spawn EX raids. These tags may be rare, may not contain gyms, or may not be in well-frequented areas (or possibly all three).
Implications: It appears that most tags that lead to nests can lead to EX raids, however keep in mind that EX raids use older data than current nests so there is not a 1:1 correlation.
4.0 Application of new findings
4.1 Western Australian gyms: A case study
I have a copy of location details for all gyms in Perth, Mandurah and Bunbury, Western Australia. Using these I had previously used the point-in-polygon method using OSM data from 22 January, 2017 to create a map of predicted EX raid gyms. However the latest studies have shown that I would have had some false positives (gyms matched as positive when due to older-than-expected data they should’ve been negative) and some false negatives (gyms outside polygons but inside level 20 s2 cells).
I re-ran the gym prediction tool on my Perth gyms dataset using OSM data from different dates, and with and without accounting for s2 cells, resulting in the following numbers:
| OSM source date | Gyms using OSM polygon method (incorrect) | Gyms using s2 cells method (correct) |
| 22 Jan 2017 | 956 | 1082 |
| 31 Aug 2016 | 932 | 1058 |
| 9 Jul 2016 | 928 | 1054 |
Overall there was a net increase in the number of eligible gyms, thanks to the extra gyms which were bordering parks and fell inside level 20 s2 cells. There were 24-28 gyms, however, which do not count due to the OSM data being older than I initially anticipated.
4.2 How to analyse your own map data
For this to work, you will need a:
- A csv of gyms in your town/suburb
- A copy of osmcoverer
The csv needs to be structured with three columns: name, latitude and longitude. Do not include a header row. Example:
Clean and Green Plaque,1.340817,103.743898 Lookout Tower at Yishun Pond,1.425504,103.840164 Autobot Evac,1.254207,103.821722 Clock Tower at Tampines Central Park,1.354006,103.936181
If any of the gym names have commas, either remove those or enclose the gym name in quotation marks. Latitudes and longitudes need to be exact given the precision of level 20 s2 cells – use the Ingress Portal or another source to obtain exact latitudes and longitudes.
Go to
http://overpass-turbo.eu/s/vs3. Zoom to your town/suburb and click run. This will collect the OSM data. The linked query is backdated to 2016-07-10. Confirmed areas will show up as blue, unconfirmed areas will show up as grey. Export the OSM data; Click “Export” then “Download as GeoJSON”.
Open Command Prompt and navigate to the osmcoverer directory. Use the following command:
osmcoverer -markers=gyms.csv input.geojson
osmcoverer will output a file called “markers_within_features.csv” which will contain a list of all gyms inside level 20 s2 cells of OSM parks, etc. It will also generate a .geojson file which has the park polygons, s2 cells and colour-coded markers. This can be visualised by going to
http://geojson.io/ and opening the export file. osmcoverer has more options such as being able to generate a level 12 s2 cell overlay for gyms, so it is worth checking out.
5.0 Directions for further research
- Furthering restricting the OSM date range: People could check OSM tags of their local EX raid gyms to see if it is possible to further limit the possible date range for OSM data. I would be interested in hearing if you think you have found an EX raid gym with a tag that wasn’t created until after 9 July 2016, or with a tag that was removed before 31 August 2016.
- Finding additional OSM tags: People could check OSM tags of their local EX raid gyms to see if anyone can find proof of tags such as natural=heath or leisure=nature_reserve. Berlin players could check gyms within the boundary=physiogeographical mega-nest, which might be able to have EX raids at gyms even when no other OSM tags are present.
- Monitoring Niantic’s selection processes over time to check for changes: Niantic paused their non-sponsored EX raid releases in October while they were modifying their system to target parks. Was the missed 1.5 weeks of EX raid invites over DecembeJanuary just a side-effect of Christmas, or has there been another modification? We should definitely keep an eye out for whether Niantic expands to non-park areas again and/or switches to newer OSM data for EX raids.
And yes, I made a typo in the title :( What's happening around town (Wed, Dec 4th - Tue, Dec 10th)
Tulsa's event list.
Ongoing
- Blue Dome Pop-Up Shops (Blue Dome District - Tulsa) Thru Sun, Dec 22nd Get your holiday shopping fix at the Blue Dome District in downtown Tulsa during this series of pop-up markets featuring…
- Christmas Scavenger Hunt (Broken Arrow Performing Arts Center - Broken Arrow) Thru Fri, Dec 13th Don't let the Grinch steal your holiday spirit...Come explore BA's Rose District with a fun Christmas Scavenger Hunt that will get you and your loved ones in a festive mood! 1 team with the most points wins a Gift Basket provided by Rose District Merchants and the City of Broken Arrow! https://www.letsgoandhunt.com/bachristmas.html
- Garden of Lights (The Gardens - Tulsa) Thru Sun, Jan 5th Escape the hustle and bustle of the holidays with a visit to this magical garden aglow with lights during the Garden of…
- 🍴 Lights on the Hill (Chandler Park - Tulsa) Thru Wed, Dec 25th Chandler Park will be ablaze with the sights and sounds of the holiday spirit during November and December. Drive through…
- Limo Holiday Lights Tours (City Wide - Tulsa) Thru Mon, Dec 30th Schedule a two-hour tour of the city's most spectacular holiday lights via limo, and enjoy a smooth ride past vibrant…
- Philbrook Festival (Philbrook Museum of Art - Tulsa) Thru Sat, Dec 28th The Philbrook Museum of Art hosts the Philbrook Festival each winter, an annual holiday tradition in…
- Rhema Christmas Lights (Rhema Bible Church - Broken Arrow) Thru Wed, Jan 1st Join over 200,000 annual visitors at the Rhema Christmas Lights display and witness over two million shimmering lights…
- River Lights (41st St Plaza - Tulsa) Thru Tue, Dec 31st Celebrate the holidays on the banks of the Arkansas River in Tulsa at River Lights. The display is lit daily through…
- Rose District Ice Rink (Rose District Plaza - Broken Arrow) Thru Sun, Jan 5th Skate under the festive twinkle lights at Broken Arrow's only outdoor skating rink. Bring your ice skates or rent them…
- West Bend Winterland (Claremore Expo Center - Claremore) Thru Sun, Dec 22nd Claremore's West Bend Winterland is reminiscent of traditional holiday festivities, and invites your family to create…
- Winterfest (Downtown - Tulsa) Thru Sun, Jan 5th Downtown Tulsa is transformed into a festive wonderland during Winterfest, an annual holiday tradition. Bring friends and…
- Bixby's Winter Wonderland (Charley Young Park - Bixby) Thru Sat, Jan 11th The whole family is invited to experience Bixby's Winter Wonderland. Stroll through the illuminated Charley Young…
Wednesday, Dec 4th
- Build a Reader Storytime: Preschool (Owasso Library - Owasso) The best in children's literature, songs, games, finger plays, rhymes and other reading-related activities are shared with your preschooler. For ages 3-5. **The last Preschool Storytime for the year will be Wednesday, Dec. 11. Preschool Storytime will resume on Wednesday, Jan. 15.
- 😂 Jason Russell (Loony Bin - Tulsa) Thru Sat, Dec 7th
- 🎭 Open Auditions for Cast (Tulsa Spotlight Theatre - Tulsa) Start Time: 6:30pm Open Auditions first Wednesday of every month. 6:30pm
- Yale University Whiffenpoofs (All Souls Unitarian Church - Tulsa) Let the Yale Whiffenpoofs get you in the holiday spirit with a lively performance at All Souls Unitarian Church in…
Thursday, Dec 5th
- 🎡 Brown Bag It: Tulsa Festival Ringers (Tulsa Performing Art Center - Tulsa) Start Time: 11:30am
- Cryptic Wisdom (The Shrine - Tulsa) Start Time: 9:00pm
- 🍴 In the Middle Book Club (Owasso Library - Owasso) Start Time: 6:00pm Join us to discuss "Roller Girl" by Victoria Jamieson and make some awesome buttons! We'll also have snacks and hot chocolate/hot apple cider. For ages 9-12. Request your copy here: https://tccl.bibliocommons.com/item/show/3204432063.
- 😂 Jason Russell (Loony Bin - Tulsa) Thru Sat, Dec 7th
- Travis Tritt in Concert (Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Tulsa - Catoosa) Award-winning country singer Travis Tritt is taking over The Joint in Catoosa for a special evening of live music. Since he…
- Broken Arrow Wine Walk (Rose District - Broken Arrow) Start Time: 6:30pm The Broken Arrow Wine Walk gives guests the chance to sample a variety of locally crafted drinks within walking distance…
Friday, Dec 6th
- 🍴 Chandler Park Lights on the Hill (Chandler Park - Tulsa) Thru Sun, Dec 8th Start Time: 6:00pm Enjoy one of the brightest Christmas light displays in Tulsa! Millions of lights will line the roads throughout the park. LIKE US ON FACEBOOK!
- Christkindlmarkt (GAST House - Tulsa) Thru Sun, Dec 8th For a unique and distinctly European holiday shopping experience head to the Christkindlmarkt put on by the German American…
- Tulsa Dog Training Club Agility Trial (Expo Square - Tulsa) Thru Sun, Dec 8th See trained dogs compete in a series of agility tests during the Tulsa Dog Training Club Agility Trial. Held at Tulsa Expo…
- Festival of Lights Christmas Parade (Downtown - Sand Springs) Day 1 of 2 Come and enjoy one of the state's oldest and biggest nighttime holiday parades and experience the wonder of a small-town…
- 🍴 Hayes Carll (Cain's Ballroom - Tulsa) Start Time: 6:30pm Cain's Ballroom welcomes Hayes Carll to Tulsa, OK on Friday, December 6, 2019 Burn Co Barbecue - Cain’s will be open during the show. Advance - $23 + fees Day of Show - $26 + fees Door - $26 Mezzanine (21+) - $38 + fees No re-entry! No smoking! No refunds! Support acts are subject to change without notice!
- 🎓 Holiday Customer Appreciation Celebration (U.S. Cellular Store - Claremore) Thru Sun, Dec 8th Start Time: 10:00am Claremore U.S. Cellular Store Hosting Holiday Customer Appreciation Celebration
Happy holidays from U.S. Cellular! The Claremore store at, 502-B S Lynn Riggs Blvd is hosting a holiday-themed Customer Appreciation Celebration from Dec. 6 – Dec. 8. During this time, everyone who visits the store will receive a free tumbler, and customers can…
- Holiday Maker Market (Mother Road Market - Tulsa) Visit the Mother Road Market along Route 66 in Tulsa for the Holiday Maker Market. Complete your holiday shopping while…
- Hoosier Arenacross Nationals (Claremore Expo Center - Claremore) Day 1 of 2 Experience two high-flying nights of motorized, adrenaline-pumping arenacross action. After kicking off the night with live…
- 😂 Jason Russell (Loony Bin - Tulsa) 1 day left
- Kayfabe's Annual Toy Drive for St. Francis' Children's Hospital (Blackbird On Pearl - Tulsa) Start Time: 9:00pm
- Miracle in Bedford Falls (Broken Arrow Community Playhouse - Broken Arrow) Thru Sun, Dec 15th Frank Capra’s timeless film “It’s a Wonderful Life” has been given a fresh adaptation with Broken…
- Philbrook Festival (Philbrook Downtown - Tulsa) Day 1 of 2 Start Time: 6:00pm Join us as Philbrook comes alive with holiday events, visits from Santa, train rides, Lego Village, garden games, live music, shopping, décor, and thousands of lights in the gardens reflecting the spirit of the season. Gather the whole family for unforgettable experiences. Festival Nights are special ticketed event nights which feature a light…
- Philbrook Playdates (Philbrook Downtown - Tulsa) Day 1 of 2 Start Time: 9:30am Come and play with your child, let your child play with other kids, and meet other adults! We provide the creative activity and we clean up the mess. December 2019: Exploring Light Discover the awe-inspiring wonder-filled work of Anila Quayyum Agha with your little one. Then explore light and shadow together! Playdates at Philbrook are…
- ♪ Wax: Push On Tour (The Vanguard - Tulsa) Start Time: 8:00pm Wax garnered his success from his YouTube channel, where he attracted attention for his rapping and singing skills. Although…
- Wayne "The Train" Hancock (The Shrine - Tulsa) Start Time: 9:00pm
Saturday, Dec 7th
- Buddy Lafortune Community Center's Holiday Craft Bazaar (Lafortune Community Center - Tulsa) This event is great for all your holiday shopping, we will have many different vendors selling goods including but not limited to, homemade crafts, knit scarves, pillows, stockings, blankets, jamberry, Mary Kay, Scentsy, and much much more
- 🎨 Chandler Park Cookies with Santa (Chandler Park - Tulsa) Start Time: 11:00am FREE Bring the family out to enjoy milk and cookies with the ‘man in red'. Don't forget to bring your wish lists and cameras to snap a photo. The 1st 100 guests will receive a goodie bag! LIKE US ON FACEBOOK!
- 🍴 Chandler Park Lights on the Hill (Chandler Park - Tulsa) 1 day left Start Time: 6:00pm Enjoy one of the brightest Christmas light displays in Tulsa! Millions of lights will line the roads throughout the park. LIKE US ON FACEBOOK!
- Christkindlmarkt (GAST House - Tulsa) 1 day left For a unique and distinctly European holiday shopping experience head to the Christkindlmarkt put on by the German American…
- A Christmas Carol (Tulsa Performing Art Center - Tulsa) Day 1 of 2 A Christmas Carol Dec. 7-8, 13-15, 19-22 at 7:30 p.m.; Dec. 9, 16, 23 at 2 p.m. :: John H. Williams Theatre Robert Odle and Richard Averill's musical adaptation of Charles Dickens' beloved novella about the joy of giving has been a Tulsa tradition for more than 40 years. It's a heartwarming story about Scrooge, a lonely humbug who is given the…
- Christmas in Kendall Whittier (Kendall-Whittier - Tulsa) Venture into the Kendall Whittier District this winter for a festive holiday shopping experience. Attend the annual…
- Coweta Christmas Parade & Tree Lighting Ceremony (Downtown - Coweta) Celebrate the winter holidays this season at the annual Coweta Christmas Parade & Tree Lighting Ceremony. Select…
- Christmas with The Petersens (Tulsa Performing Art Center - Tulsa) The Petersens are an award-winning family band from Branson known for their authentic music, clean comedy, and family values. In 2015, the family received international attention when banjo player Ellen Petersen competed on American Idol. The family has toured throughout the U.S., Canada, Finland, and Ireland, performing their Americana roots…
- A Crafty Christmas (Kum & Go - Sand Springs) Plan to attend A Crafty Christmas for an afternoon filled with holiday shopping. This arts and craft show in the heart…
- Creepy Christmas Light Tour (Woodward Park - Tulsa) Thru Mon, Dec 23rd Haunted history and Christmas lights combine at Tulsa Spirit Tours' Creepy Christmas Light Tour. Learn all about the…
- Tulsa Dog Training Club Agility Trial (Expo Square - Tulsa) 1 day left See trained dogs compete in a series of agility tests during the Tulsa Dog Training Club Agility Trial. Held at Tulsa Expo…
- 🎭 The Drunkard and the Olio (Tulsa Spotlight Theatre - Tulsa) Start Time: 7:30pm
- Festival of Lights Christmas Parade (Downtown - Sand Springs) Day 2 of 2 Come and enjoy one of the state's oldest and biggest nighttime holiday parades and experience the wonder of a small-town…
- Tulsa Flea Market (Expo Square - Tulsa) Explore 50,000 square feet filled with antiques and collectibles at the Tulsa Flea Market. Head to Tulsa Expo Square, and…
- Holiday Arts & Crafts Show (Bixby Community Center - Bixby) Scratch a few names off your Christmas gift list by making your way to the annual Holiday Arts & Crafts Show in Bixby.…
- 🎓 Holiday Customer Appreciation Celebration (U.S. Cellular Store - Claremore) 1 day left Start Time: 10:00am Claremore U.S. Cellular Store Hosting Holiday Customer Appreciation Celebration
Happy holidays from U.S. Cellular! The Claremore store at, 502-B S Lynn Riggs Blvd is hosting a holiday-themed Customer Appreciation Celebration from Dec. 6 – Dec. 8. During this time, everyone who visits the store will receive a free tumbler, and customers can…
- Hoosier Arenacross Nationals (Claremore Expo Center - Claremore) Day 2 of 2 Experience two high-flying nights of motorized, adrenaline-pumping arenacross action. After kicking off the night with live…
- 😂 Jason Russell (Loony Bin - Tulsa) Last Day
- 🏃 Jingle Bell Run (BOK Center - Tulsa) Come jingle with us at the annual Jingle Bell Run/Walk for Arthritis. Proceeds from this event help fund research and programs for the 800,000+ Oklahomans with arthritis - American's number one disabling disease.
- LaFortune Park Crafts Bazaar (Lafortune Community Center - Tulsa) Start Time: 9:30am Browse homemade items, decorations, scarves, jewelry, and other unique treasures for your holiday shopping list from quality vendors. Booth space available. Call for pricing. Elisabeth Ziegler (918) 496-6220 LIKE US ON FACEBOOK!
- 🎓 Les Mis rables (School Edition) (Tulsa Performing Art Center - Tulsa) Day 1 of 2 Les Mis�rables (School Edition) Dec. 7-8, 14-15 at 7:30 p.m.; Dec. 8-9, 15-16 at 2 p.m. :: Liddy Doenges Theatre Season Tickets Tulsa's most talented teens take on the masterpiece! Theatre Tulsa's Broadway Academy teenage students perform the inspiring saga of love, hope and... GET TICKETS
- Midwest Arms Collector Gun Show (Expo Square - Tulsa) Day 1 of 2 For more than 15 years, the Midwest Arms Collector Gun Show has produced quality gun and knife shows. Be sure to explore the…
- Miracle in Bedford Falls (Broken Arrow Community Playhouse - Broken Arrow) Thru Sun, Dec 15th Frank Capra’s timeless film “It’s a Wonderful Life” has been given a fresh adaptation with Broken…
- Mzclave (Blackbird On Pearl - Tulsa) Start Time: 9:00pm
- The Nutcracker (Tulsa Performing Art Center - Tulsa) Thru Sun, Dec 22nd This December, Tulsa Ballet presents "The Nutcracker" at the Tulsa Performing Arts Center. Audiences of all ages…
- 🎨 Oklahoma and the Great Depression (The Gilcrease Museum - Tulsa) Start Time: 10:00am Explore the connections between Oklahoma and the Great Depression through talks, poetry readings, performances and more as we celebrate the exhibition DOROTHEA LANGE'S AMERICA. Free with museum admission. FEATURED TALKS
“It’s Dying and It’s Hardly Been Born”: The Dust Bowl in Music, Literature and Film | 10:15 a.m. -Dr. Sean Latham,…
- Philbrook Festival (Philbrook Downtown - Tulsa) Day 2 of 2 Start Time: 6:00pm Join us as Philbrook comes alive with holiday events, visits from Santa, train rides, Lego Village, garden games, live music, shopping, décor, and thousands of lights in the gardens reflecting the spirit of the season. Gather the whole family for unforgettable experiences. Festival Nights are special ticketed event nights which feature a light…
- Philbrook Playdates (Philbrook Downtown - Tulsa) Day 2 of 2 Start Time: 9:30am Come and play with your child, let your child play with other kids, and meet other adults! We provide the creative activity and we clean up the mess. December 2019: Exploring Light Discover the awe-inspiring wonder-filled work of Anila Quayyum Agha with your little one. Then explore light and shadow together! Playdates at Philbrook are…
- 🎭 Rainbows Are Free - Head Pains Record Release Show (The Vanguard - Tulsa) Start Time: 8:00pm Head to the Vanguard for a night of metal and theatrics when Rainbows are Free brings their signature show to…
- Saturday Afternoon Test N Tune (Tulsa Raceway Park - Tulsa) Start Time: 12:00pm
- Shelby Mustang Classic Car Auction (Expo Square - Tulsa) The Shelby Mustang Classic Car Auction features top hot rods. Visit Tulsa Expo Square, and see the wide range of Mustangs…
- Succulent Centerpiece Workshop (Philbrook Downtown - Tulsa) Start Time: 2:00pm Get your hands dirty. Take home a piece of Philbrook: succulents grown from our collection. Create a stunning centerpiece (with expert help). Make it for holiday entertaining or as a gift (that keeps on giving/growing). Enjoy wine, beer, and light refreshments. Philbrook Members: $40 Not-Yet Members: $60 Tickets include Museum admission…
- Victor Wainwright (The Shrine - Tulsa) Start Time: 7:00pm
Sunday, Dec 8th
- The Alliday Show (Retro Den - Tulsa) An all handmade arts and crafts show in its 10th year!
- 🍴 Chandler Park Lights on the Hill (Chandler Park - Tulsa) Last Day Start Time: 6:00pm Enjoy one of the brightest Christmas light displays in Tulsa! Millions of lights will line the roads throughout the park. LIKE US ON FACEBOOK!
- Christkindlmarkt (GAST House - Tulsa) Last Day For a unique and distinctly European holiday shopping experience head to the Christkindlmarkt put on by the German American…
- Christmas (Keystone State Park - Sand Springs) Keystone State Park hosts Christmas at the Park just in time for all the exciting winter festivities. Bring the…
- A Christmas Carol (Tulsa Performing Art Center - Tulsa) Day 2 of 2 A Christmas Carol Dec. 7-8, 13-15, 19-22 at 7:30 p.m.; Dec. 9, 16, 23 at 2 p.m. :: John H. Williams Theatre Robert Odle and Richard Averill's musical adaptation of Charles Dickens' beloved novella about the joy of giving has been a Tulsa tradition for more than 40 years. It's a heartwarming story about Scrooge, a lonely humbug who is given the…
- Creepy Christmas Light Tour (Woodward Park - Tulsa) Thru Mon, Dec 23rd Haunted history and Christmas lights combine at Tulsa Spirit Tours' Creepy Christmas Light Tour. Learn all about the…
- Criss Angel (Osage Event Center - Tulsa) Come to the Skyline Event Center at the Osage Casino in Tulsa for a night of mind-blowing magic from Criss Angel. The star…
- Tulsa Dog Training Club Agility Trial (Expo Square - Tulsa) Last Day See trained dogs compete in a series of agility tests during the Tulsa Dog Training Club Agility Trial. Held at Tulsa Expo…
- 🏃 Half n Half Marathon or Half (Turkey Mountain - Tulsa) The RunnersWorld Tulsa Half and Half Marathon allows you to run a half marathon on the Turkey Mountain trails or a half marathon on paved pedestrian trails. All races will be going at the same time for some fast-paced finish line action.
Half Marathon on Turkey Mountain Dirt Trails Half Marathon on Riverside Paved Trails Full Marathon…
- 🎓 Holiday Customer Appreciation Celebration (U.S. Cellular Store - Claremore) Last Day Start Time: 10:00am Claremore U.S. Cellular Store Hosting Holiday Customer Appreciation Celebration
Happy holidays from U.S. Cellular! The Claremore store at, 502-B S Lynn Riggs Blvd is hosting a holiday-themed Customer Appreciation Celebration from Dec. 6 – Dec. 8. During this time, everyone who visits the store will receive a free tumbler, and customers can…
- 🎓 Les Mis rables (School Edition) (Tulsa Performing Art Center - Tulsa) Day 2 of 2 Les Mis�rables (School Edition) Dec. 7-8, 14-15 at 7:30 p.m.; Dec. 8-9, 15-16 at 2 p.m. :: Liddy Doenges Theatre Season Tickets Tulsa's most talented teens take on the masterpiece! Theatre Tulsa's Broadway Academy teenage students perform the inspiring saga of love, hope and... GET TICKETS
- Midwest Arms Collector Gun Show (Expo Square - Tulsa) Day 2 of 2 For more than 15 years, the Midwest Arms Collector Gun Show has produced quality gun and knife shows. Be sure to explore the…
- Miracle in Bedford Falls (Broken Arrow Community Playhouse - Broken Arrow) Thru Sun, Dec 15th Frank Capra’s timeless film “It’s a Wonderful Life” has been given a fresh adaptation with Broken…
- The Nutcracker (Tulsa Performing Art Center - Tulsa) Thru Sun, Dec 22nd This December, Tulsa Ballet presents "The Nutcracker" at the Tulsa Performing Arts Center. Audiences of all ages…
- ORU Golden Eagles vs Haskell Fighting Indians (Mabee Center - Tulsa) The ORU Golden Eagles men's basketball team strives for success on the court. Watch the team work together toward…
- Tulsa Toy Run (Expo Square - Tulsa) Thousands of bikers descend upon Tulsa Expo Square every winter just in time for the holidays. During the annual Tulsa Toy…
Monday, Dec 9th
- Glenpool Christmas Parade (Glenpool) Kick-off the holiday season at the Glenpool Christmas Parade. This festive Merry Monday event will feature displays from…
- Creepy Christmas Light Tour (Woodward Park - Tulsa) Thru Mon, Dec 23rd Haunted history and Christmas lights combine at Tulsa Spirit Tours' Creepy Christmas Light Tour. Learn all about the…
- Fiction Addiction Book Club (Owasso Library - Owasso) Start Time: 6:00pm Love talking about books? So do we! Join us to discuss "Beartown" by Fredrick Backman. Reserved copies of the book are available at the desk or you may request your own copy at https://tccl.bibliocommons.com/item/show/3578565063.
- ♪ Jennifer Marriott Band (Tulsa) Start Time: 5:00pm
- Miracle in Bedford Falls (Broken Arrow Community Playhouse - Broken Arrow) Thru Sun, Dec 15th Frank Capra’s timeless film “It’s a Wonderful Life” has been given a fresh adaptation with Broken…
- The Nutcracker (Tulsa Performing Art Center - Tulsa) Thru Sun, Dec 22nd This December, Tulsa Ballet presents "The Nutcracker" at the Tulsa Performing Arts Center. Audiences of all ages…
- Sing! An Irish Christmas (Mabee Center - Tulsa) Start Time: 7:30pm Join us for Sing! An Irish Christmas and make memories that will last a lifetime. Come sing along with thousands of believers in your city and celebrate the true story of the Christmas season!
Tuesday, Dec 10th
- 🎭 Brady Theater, Tulsa, Oklahoma,USA (Brady Theater - Tulsa) Start Time: 8:00pm Il Divo at the Tulsa Theater in Tulsa, Oklahoma pre-sale 1st of august at 10.00am
- Build a Reader Storytime: Babies and Toddlers (Owasso Library - Owasso) Ready, set, READ! This beginning storytime focuses on helping your baby or toddler develop important literacy skills while emphasizing the fun of reading. For ages birth-2. **The last Baby/Toddler Storytime for the year will be Tuesday, Dec. 10. Baby/Toddler Storytime will resume on Tuesday, Jan. 14.
- Creepy Christmas Light Tour (Woodward Park - Tulsa) Thru Mon, Dec 23rd Haunted history and Christmas lights combine at Tulsa Spirit Tours' Creepy Christmas Light Tour. Learn all about the…
- Miracle in Bedford Falls (Broken Arrow Community Playhouse - Broken Arrow) Thru Sun, Dec 15th Frank Capra’s timeless film “It’s a Wonderful Life” has been given a fresh adaptation with Broken…
- The Nutcracker (Tulsa Performing Art Center - Tulsa) Thru Sun, Dec 22nd This December, Tulsa Ballet presents "The Nutcracker" at the Tulsa Performing Arts Center. Audiences of all ages…
See Also
canada oldest casino video
The Oldest Online Casino Ever. ... It’s no surprise, therefore, that all of the oldest online casinos in Canada used Microgaming’s technology at one point or another. Hall. This Dawson City landmark holds the distinction of being Canada’s oldest casino, and it operates during the months of May through September. All proceeds are invested back into the town, making it a permanent not-for-profit structure. Available games include roulette, poker, blackjack, and slots. Sports Betting Canada’s first & friendliest gambling hall, Diamond Tooth Gerties! Complete with casino games and cancan shows, its sure to be a night you won’t forget! Here at Casino Player Canada, we want to bring as much value to you the player as possible. As a result, we review trusted casinos and compare their offers to ensure you get the best promotions and bonuses available. So, if you are thinking about joining a new casino online, make sure you check out the list casino sites below. Learn which casino is the oldest in the world. We cover the history of some famous casinos dating back to the 1600s. Canada’s oldest casino. up next. Scenic Alaska Cruise Competition. 6 MIN. Extended interview with a Denali National Park Ranger . 4 MIN. Extended interview: The Alaskan who lives without electricity and running water. 6 MIN. College Fjord, Alaska. 6 MIN. Denali National Park, Alaska. 6 MIN. The North Pole, Alaska. Dawson City has Canada’s oldest casino. Diamond Tooth Gerties Gambling Hall wins the casino age contest (officially), and the most unique name contest (unofficially). Moose outnumber people in the Yukon. There are around 70,000 moose in the territory and about 40,000 people. Welcome to JackpotCity Casino. If you’re looking for the best online casino experiences in Canada, your search is over! Since JackpotCity casino was established back in 1998 it’s been our goal to bring the greatest games, payouts, bonuses, safety and services together, and we’ve never done it better than we are doing now.
canada oldest casino top
[index]
[5556] [6654] [4409] [5176] [6379] [1905] [421] [3525] [6828] [7260]
canada oldest casino
Copyright © 2024 hot.onlinerealmoneygames.xyz